Chłopiec oczyszcza nos z pomocą taty, tekst o szkarlatynie Szkarlatyna należy do chorób o ciężkim przebiegu i obarczona jest wieloma powikłaniami / Wizualizacja stworzona za pomocą AI

Szkarlatyna u dzieci – objawy, przyczyny i leczenie

Szkarlatyna to choroba przedszkolaków i nastolatków, wywoływana przez te same bakterie co angina. Jest od niej jednak znacznie groźniejsza i obarczona poważnymi powikłaniami. Jakie są objawy szkarlatyny i jak się przed nią chronić?

Spis treści:

Szkarlatyna (płonica) – czym się charakteryzuje ta choroba zakaźna?

Szkarlatyna (płonica) to choroba wywoływana przez bakterie Streptococcus pyogenes, paciorkowce, które powodują także rozwój anginy ropnej. Choroba ta przez setki lat, aż do czasu wynalezienia antybiotyków, była uważana za śmiertelną. Jeszcze w XIX wieku obawiano się jej tak jak dżumy, cholery czy tyfusu. Także obecnie należy do chorób o ciężkim przebiegu i obarczona jest wieloma powikłaniami. Do tej pory nie wynaleziono na nią skutecznej szczepionki.  

Infekcja dotyka przede wszystkim dzieci, ale może również występować u dorosłych. Ponieważ występują trzy typy toksyny bakteryjnej wywołującej zakażenie paciorkowcowe, na płonicę można zachorować trzy razy.  

Ze względu na towarzyszącą tej chorobie wysypkę, szkarlatynę można pomylić z innymi chorobami zakaźnymi takimi jak: różyczka, trzydniówka, odra czy mononukleoza.

Objawy szkarlatyny – jak odróżnić ją od anginy? 

Do objawów szkarlatyny należą: gorączka przekraczająca 39 st. C, a także ból gardła, zwłaszcza przy przełykaniu. Podobnie jak przy anginie, gardło w płonicy jest opuchnięte i zaczerwienione.  

Tym, co odróżnia szkarlatynę od anginy, jest charakterystyczna wysypka, która pojawia się zazwyczaj już po 12-36 godzinach od początku choroby. Początkowo widoczna jest w okolicy szyi i obojczyków, ale szybko rozszerza się na inne partie ciała. Wykwity mają wielkość łebka szpilki i nie występują na dłoniach i podeszwach stóp.   

Podczas badania lekarz szczególną uwagę zwraca na wygląd języka u chorego. Na początku choroby jest on pokryty nalotem, od drugiego dnia oczyszcza się, a złuszczony nabłonek na brodawkach wygląda jak owoc maliny. Dlatego wśród objawów szkarlatyny wskazuje się na „malinowy język”. Mówi się też o nim, że ma szkarłatny kolor – niewykluczone, że od tego pochodzi nazwa choroby. W podobnym, intensywnym kolorze może być także gardło chorej osoby.   

Do innych objawów szkarlatyny u dzieci należą nudności, wymioty i bóle głowy. Dziecko jest wyraźnie osłabione i nie ma apetytu. U części chorych objawy szkarlatyny mogą być mniej charakterystyczne. Lekarze kierują wówczas chorego na posiew z gardła w kierunku Streptococcus pyogenes typu A. W przebiegu szkarlatyny nie występuje kaszel ani katar. 

Szkarlatyna u dzieci – jakie są jej przyczyny i kogo najczęściej dotyka? 

Szkarlatyna przenoszona jest drogą kropelkową, bakterie mogą także bytować w przestrzeniach wspólnych, salach przedszkolnych i klasach w szkole, a także w jedzeniu. Do zakażenia dochodzi poprzez kichanie czy w trakcie rozmowy z bliskiej odległości, bakterie mogą być na wspólnych przedmiotach, zabawkach, a także unosić się w powietrzu. Z tego powodu choroba najczęściej dotyka dzieci. Może też być przenoszona z matki na maleńkie dziecko, które dotyka zainfekowanymi rękami albo karmi piersią.  

Płonica należy do najczęstszych chorób zakaźnych wieku dziecięcego. Jak szacuje sanepid, każdego roku zapada na nią około 5 na 1000 dzieci w Polsce, najwięcej zachorowań obserwuje się u 4- i 6-latków.  

Ból gardła u małego dziecka? Dlaczego gardło tak boli?  

Polecamy

Ból gardła u małego dziecka? Dlaczego gardło tak boli?  

Czytaj

Jak przebiega leczenie szkarlatyny u dzieci?

W naszym klimacie paciorkowce najbardziej aktywne są jesienią i zimą i właśnie w tym czasie obserwuje się najwięcej przypadków zachorowań na płonicę. Choroba wylęga się szybko – od zakażenia do wystąpienia objawów mija od 12 godzin do 4 dni 

Leczenie szkarlatyny opiera się na podaniu antybiotyków, przede wszystkim penicyliny i amoksycyliny. By zbić gorączkę, podaje się także leki przeciwgorączkowe i środki przeciwbólowe na gardło. W większości przypadków płonicę można leczyć w warunkach domowych. Do szpitala trafiają dzieci z ciężkim przebiegiem choroby, mające problem z przełykaniem i odwodnione.  

Po ok. tygodniu od wystąpienia objawów wysypka na ciele zaczyna się złuszczać. Najszybciej dochodzi do tego na twarzy, po ok. dwóch tygodniach łuszczy się skóra na tułowie, najpóźniej na dłoniach i stopach. Proces ten jest bezbolesny i może trwać przez kilka tygodni.  

Powikłania po szkarlatynie u dziecka 

Podobnie jak angina, także szkarlatyna u dzieci jest obarczona wieloma poważnymi powikłaniami. Do łagodniejszych nalezą zmiany ropne w gardle, zapalenie węzłów chłonnych, ucha środkowego czy zatok przynosowych. Do powikłań poważniejszych zalicza się gorączkę reumatyczną, która pojawia się zazwyczaj 19 dni od zachorowania, i popaciorkowcowe zapalenie nerek po 10 dniach od wystąpienia objawów zakażenia. W rzadkich przypadkach może wystąpić zapalenie płuc czy opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych.  

Bardzo istotne jest, by szkarlatyna została jak najszybciej zdiagnozowana i by wdrożono prawidłowe leczenie. Pomoże to uniknąć bardzo poważnego powikłania będącego zagrożeniem życia, którym jest paciorkowcowy zespół wstrząsu septycznego (streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, STSS) i uszkodzenie wielu narządów.  

Źródła:

  1. Aniszewska M., Choroby wywoływane przez paciorkowce beta-hemolizujące grupy A, w: Pediatria II, PZWL, 2019, s. 1145-1147. 
  2. Avire H., Ross K., A Review of Streptococcus pyogenes: Public health risk factors, prevention and control, „Pathogens” 2021, 10(2), 248, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7926438/ (dostęp: 14.06.2023).  
  3. Eckard S., Płonica (szkarlatyna), w: Infekcje bakteryjne, MedPharm Polska, 2012, s.29-30. 
  4. Szenborn L., Płonica, Pediatria po Dyplomie, 2012;16(6):22-28. 

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