Czy weganizm jest zdrowy? Co należy wiedzieć o diecie wegańskiej /fot. iStock Czy weganizm jest zdrowy? Co należy wiedzieć o diecie wegańskiej /fot. iStock

Czy weganizm jest zdrowy? Co należy wiedzieć o diecie wegańskiej

Dieta wegańska, choć cieszy się rosnącą popularnością, wciąż stanowi źródło wielu kontrowersji. Najwięcej mitów dotyczy ryzyka niedoborów składników odżywczych i ich potencjalnego, negatywnego wpływu na organizm. Czy weganizm jest zdrowy? Jak powinna wyglądać prawidłowa dieta wegańska?

Spis treści:

Na czym polega weganizm?

Dieta wegańska stanowi jedną z najbardziej restrykcyjnych form diety wegetariańskiej. Na czym polega? Weganizm zakłada całkowite wykluczenie z jadłospisu nie tylko mięsa i ryb, ale też wszelkiego rodzaju produktów odzwierzęcych – zarówno tych podstawowych (jaja, nabiał, żelatyna), jak i niekiedy mniej oczywistych jak chociażby miód. 

Dieta ta bywa wybierana z różnych powodów, do których coraz częściej oprócz przyczyn etycznych, związanych z wyrządzaniem krzywdy zwierzętom, dochodzą kwestie ekologiczne i zdrowotne. Weganizm jest uważany nie tylko za dietę bardziej sprzyjającą dobru naszej planety, ale niekiedy także zdrowszą od diet mięsnych.

Czy weganizm jest zdrowy?

Jednak czy weganizm na pewno jest zdrowy? W końcu wiele się słyszy na temat rzekomej szkodliwości diety wegańskiej, między innymi związanej z ryzykiem niedoboru składników odżywczych i minerałów (m.in. białka, żelaza, wapnia, wybranych witamin). Są to jednak w przeważającej mierze mity – z punktu widzenia naukowców i dietetyków dieta wegańska jak najbardziej może być zdrowa i przynosić korzyści dla naszego organizmu.

W stanowisku Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics opublikowanym w 2016 roku na łamach jej czasopisma czytamy: – Prawidłowo zaplanowane diety wegetariańskie, w tym wegańskie, są zdrowe, pełnowartościowe i mogą przynosić korzyści w zapobieganiu i leczeniu niektórych chorób. Diety te są odpowiednie na każdym etapie życia, włączając w to okres ciąży i karmienia piersią, niemowlęctwa, dzieciństwa, dojrzewania, dorosłości, wieku podeszłego, a także u sportowców.

Kluczowe są pierwsze słowa stanowiska. Co oznacza prawidłowo zaplanowana dieta? Dieta wegańska, aby była zdrowa i pełnowartościowa, musi być przede wszystkim zróżnicowana i świadomie rozpisana – dostarczenie organizmowi niezbędnych składników bywa trudniejsze niż w przypadku spożywania mięsa i nabiału, gdyż niezbędne jest pozyskiwanie ich z większej liczby źródeł. Co należy jeść na diecie wegańskiej, żeby korzystnie wpływała na organizm?

Dieta wegańska - jadłospis dla całej rodziny

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Dieta wegańska - jadłospis dla całej rodziny

Od kilkunastu lat obserwuję trendy żywieniowe w dietetyce i widzę, że nigdy wcześniej zainteresowane dietą wegańską nie było tak duże jak teraz. Jednocześnie wokół weganizmu narosło wiele mitów, które sprawiają, że część osób obawia się przejścia na dietę rośliną z powodu ryzyka niedoborów pokarmowych czy trudności praktycznych.

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Co jeść na diecie wegańskiej?

Dieta wegańska jest niestety uboga w produkty pełnowartościowe – zawierające pełny zestaw aminokwasów i składników odżywczych niezbędnych do prawidłowego funkcjonowania organizmu. Rozwiązaniem jest łączenie w jadłospisie różnych produktów, które będą się wzajemnie uzupełniać.

Na jakie składniki odżywcze należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę i w jakich produktach ich szukać?

  • Białko – chociaż kojarzy się głównie z mięsem i nabiałem, weganie mogą je pozyskiwać m.in. z roślin strączkowych, produktów sojowych, orzechów i nasion.
  • Wapń – pierwiastek ten obecny w produktach roślinnych jest słabiej przyswajany, należy więc dostarczać go w większych ilościach. Znajdziesz go w nasionach (np. maku, amarantusa, sezamu), warzywach zielonych (np. jarmuż, natka pietruszki, brokuł), a także fortyfikowanych mlekach roślinnych.
  • Kwasy omega-3 – są obecne nie tylko w rybach, ale także olejach roślinnych, orzechach włoskich, nasionach (chia, siemię lniane) i algach.
  • Żelazo – jego najlepszym źródłem są rośliny strączkowe, produkty pełnoziarniste (pieczywa, kasze) i fortyfikowane.
  • Jod – może być uzupełniany poprzez stosowanie soli jodowanej oraz włączenie do diety alg i wodorostów (wakame, kelp, kombu).
  • Witaminy B12 i D – związki te w diecie wegańskiej muszą być uzupełniane poprzez ich suplementację.

Czym zastąpić mięso w diecie wegańskiej?

Dla osób przyzwyczajonych do polskiej kuchni, która jest nie tylko bogata w mięso, ale często też stanowi ono główny składnik dania, weganizm często uchodzi za dietę bardzo trudną i wymagającą kulinarnie. Warto jednak pamiętać, że zamiast bazować na daniach typowo roślinnych, często wystarczy zastanowić się, czym można zastąpić mięso. 

W diecie wegańskiej znajdziemy w końcu także warzywne lub sojowe kotlety, parówki, placki, burgery, a także odpowiedniki nabiału (tofucznica zamiast jajecznicy, wegański ser, roślinne mleko). Najlepszymi zamiennikami mięsa są rośliny strączkowe (fasola, groch, ciecierzyca, soczewica) i produkty sojowe (tofu, tempeh), sięgnąć można też po grzyby (boczniaki) lub roślinne produkty wysokobiałkowe (seitan).

Źródła:

  1. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets, „Journal of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics” 2016, 116(12), s. 1970–1980.
  2. https://ncez.pzh.gov.pl/abc-zywienia/dieta-wegetarianska-i-weganska-gdzie-szukac-skladnikow-niedoborowych/ [dostęp 13.09.2022 r.].
  3. https://ncez.pzh.gov.pl/abc-zywienia/fakty-i-mity-dotyczace-diety-weganskiej/

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