Jakie są objawy mukowiscydozy u niemowlaka? Jakie są objawy mukowiscydozy u niemowlaka?/ Adobe Stock

Jakie są objawy mukowiscydozy u niemowlaka?

Każdy noworodek przechodzi po urodzeniu testy przesiewowe. Wśród nich znajduje się badanie w kierunku mukowiscydozy – choroby ogólnoustrojowej o podłożu genetycznym. Jej objawy występują już u najmłodszych dzieci. Sprawdź, jak wygląda leczenie mukowiscydozy.

Spis treści:

Czym jest mukowiscydoza?

Mukowiscydoza jest chorobą genetyczną, za jej wystąpienie odpowiada mutacja genu CTFR, który odpowiedzialny jest za syntezę białka tworzącego kanał chlorkowy w błonie komórkowej. Na skutek defektu dochodzi do produkcji lepkiego śluzu przez nieprawidłowo funkcjonującego gruczoły śluzowe. Śluz zalega nie tylko w drogach oddechowych, ale także przewodzie pokarmowym czy narządach płciowych. Z tego względu, choć mukowiscydoza kojarzy się przede wszystkim z narastającymi problemami oddechowymi, utrudnia także funkcjonowanie przewodu pokarmowego, a w szczególności trawienie tłuszczów. Prowadzi także do zaburzeń w produkcji gamet, a co za tym idzie do niepłodności. Nadmiernie lepki śluz utrudnia funkcjonowanie wszystkich narządów, które posiadają gruczoły śluzowe dotknięte mutacją.

Czy mukowiscydozą można się zarazić?

Mukowiscydoza jest chorobą dziedziczoną autosomalnie recesywnie, nie zaś infekcją wywoływaną przez wirusa lub bakterię. Oznacza to, że aby dziecko rozwinęło chorobę, konieczne jest odziedziczenie po obojgu rodzicach (nosicielach) wadliwego genu. W przypadku gdy rodzice są nosicielami mukowiscydozy, szansa na to, że dziecko zachoruje wynosi 25 proc.

Rozwinięcie choroby nie zależy od wieku rodziców czy innych czynników. Uzależnione jest jedynie od odziedziczenia wadliwego genu. Z tego powodu mukowiscydozą nie można się zarazić, a jej wystąpienie jest kwestią losową. Rodzice będący nosicielami mają bowiem 75 proc. szans, że dziecko urodzi się zdrowe.

Objawy mukowiscydozy u noworodka

Objawy mukowiscydozy obecne są już u najmłodszych dzieci. Najczęściej dotyczą one układu oddechowego oraz pokarmowego. Pierwsze objawy mukowiscydozy u noworodka to często opóźnione wydalenie smółki czy przedłużająca się żółtaczka. Do objawów choroby zalicza się również niedrożność przewodu pokarmowego, wynikającą z nadprodukcji gęstego i lepkiego śluzu. Poza tym objawy u niemowląt to m.in.:

  • kaszel,
  • nawracające zapalenia płuc czy oskrzeli,
  • tłuszczowe stolce,
  • nieprawidłowe przybieranie na wadze,
  • nawracające zapalenia trzustki.

W konsekwencji mukowiscydoza prowadzi do zatykania oskrzeli i oskrzelików gęstym śluzem, a co za tym idzie, do niewydolności oddechowej oraz nawracających infekcji bakteryjnych.

Zapalenie oskrzeli u dzieci - jak postępować?

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Zapalenie oskrzeli u dzieci - jak postępować?

Zapalenie oskrzeli jest jedną z najczęściej występujących dolegliwości u dzieci. Jest to choroba wyczerpująca nie tylko dla maluszka, ale także dla rodziców. Choć z reguły jej przebieg nie wiąże się z poważnymi powikłaniami, nie powinna być bagatelizowana. Jakie są objawy zapalenia oskrzeli i kiedy należy udać się do lekarza?

Czytaj

Jak wygląda leczenie mukowiscydozy?

Mukowiscydoza jest chorobą nieuleczalną, która dotyka wielu narządów. W walce z nią konieczna jest współpraca zespołu wielospecjalistycznego, składającego się nie tylko z lekarzy różnych dziedzin, ale także fizjoterapeutów czy psychologów. Obecnie postępowanie jest zarówno objawowe, jak i przyczynowe i ma na celu wydłużenie życia oraz poprawę jego jakości. 

Często więc leczenie zależy od występujących objawów. Jest ono również wielokierunkowe. Obejmuje zarówno leczenie problemów związanych z drogami oddechowymi, jak i leczenie żywieniowe czy leczenie powikłań choroby. Stosowane są mukolityki, antybiotyki czy leki rozszerzające oskrzela

Poza leczeniem farmakologicznym w przypadku mukowiscydozy dużą rolę odgrywa fizjoterapia układu oddechowego, której celem jest usuwanie lepkiej śluzowej wydzieliny zalegającej w drogach oddechowych. Dzięki temu osobie chorej łatwiej się oddycha, a co więcej mniejsze jest ryzyko nadkażenia bakteryjnego. Zalegający w drogach oddechowych śluz stanowi bowiem czynnik ryzyka rozwoju infekcji bakteryjnych i kolonizacji przez wielolekooporne szczepy bakterii.

Życie z mukowiscydozą

Życie z mukowiscydozą wymaga wielu wyrzeczeń i zaangażowania opiekunów. Osoby chore wymagają bowiem stałej opieki lekarskiej. 

Chorzy zmagający się z mukowiscydozą narażeni są m.in. na niedożywienie spowodowane zewnątrzwydzielniczą niewydolnością trzustki. Niezbędne jest więc odpowiednie leczenie żywieniowe oraz suplementacja enzymów trzustkowych.

Postępowanie i leczenie ma na celu głównie, poza poprawą jakości życia chorego, także opóźnienie wystąpienia ciężkich powikłań zagrażających życiu osoby chorej na mukowiscydozę. Nadzieją dla chorych są doniesienia dotyczące leczenia przyczynowego mogącego zatrzymać chorobę i jej przebieg. W Polsce są one obecnie refundowane w ramach programów lekowych.

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