Katar u 2-latka - przyczyny i domowe sposoby / istock Katar u 2-latka - przyczyny i domowe sposoby / istock

Katar u 2-latka – przyczyny i domowe sposoby

Katar jest przypadłością niezwykle częstą w wśród dzieci. Jest on uciążliwy nie tylko dla maluszka, ale niekiedy również dla reszty domowników. Skąd bierze się katar u dwulatka i kiedy należy udać się z dzieckiem do lekarza?

Spis treści:

Skąd się bierze katar u dwulatka?

Katar, czyli nieżyt nosa, jest przypadłością z którą z pewnością każdy z nas miał do czynienia. Możemy podzielić go na ostry i przewlekły. Ostry nieżyt nosa to postać kataru, z którą spotykamy się zdecydowanie najczęściej. Bardzo często towarzyszy przeziębieniu i grypie. Przewlekły katar może być natomiast spowodowany alergią na pyłki kwiatów bądź roztocza domowe. Katar powstaje w odpowiedzi na stan zapalny toczący się w organizmie.

Katar w wyniku infekcji

W przypadku infekcji po wniknięciu patogenu, np. wirusa, do dróg oddechowych maluszka, jego organizm stara się odpowiedzieć i zwalczyć zagrożenie. W tym celu komórki układu odpornościowego produkują cytokiny, czyli specjalne białka, które mają za zadanie ułatwić walkę krwinkom białym i wskazać miejsce, gdzie znajduje się zagrożenie. Cytokiny nie tylko ułatwiają dotarcie leukocytom do miejsca infekcji, ale także wywołują miejscowy stan zapalny. Objawia się on m.in. powstaniem obrzęku śluzówek i wzrostem przepuszczalności naczyń krwionośnych, m.in. w jamie nosowej, co skutkuje pojawieniem się kataru i uczucia zatkanego nosa. Bardzo podobny mechanizm występuje w przypadku infekcji bakteryjnej, jednak w tym przypadku stan dziecka jest cięższy, a temperatura może sięgać nawet 39 st. C. 

Katar w wyniku alergii

W przypadku alergii mechanizm powstawania kataru wygląda nieco inaczej. Za wywołanie miejscowego stanu zapalnego, a co za tym idzie objawów alergii, odpowiada tzw. alergen. Jest to cząsteczka pochodząca z zewnątrz organizmu, która u zdrowego człowieka nie wywołuje odpowiedzi układu odpornościowego. U alergików jednak, z nieznanych do końca przyczyn, traktowana jest przez organizm jako zagrożenie. Po wykryciu cząsteczki przez układ odpornościowy organizmu następuje szereg reakcji, który również kończy się uwolnieniem cytokin, a tym samym pojawieniem się kataru, uczucia zatkanego nosa, a także wysypką czy łzawieniem oczu. 

Inne przyczyny kataru

Katar u dwulatka może być także spowodowany przez ciało obce w nosie maluszka, przewlekłe narażenie na substancje chemiczne oraz dym tytoniowy czy zanieczyszczone powietrze. W tym przypadku również dochodzi do powstania miejscowego stanu zapalnego.

Katar u dwulatka – ile trwa?

Czas, przez jaki katar utrzymuje się u dwulatka, zależy przede wszystkim od przyczyny jego wystąpienia. Jeżeli jest on spowodowany przez infekcje wirusową, czyli przeziębienie, organizm potrzebuje kilku dni na jej zwalczenie. Tak samo wygląda sytuacja w przypadku zakażenia bakteryjnego, jednak aby skutecznie pomóc maluszkowi, konieczne jest zastosowanie antybiotyku. 

W przypadku alergicznego nieżytu nosa katar u dwulatka może utrzymywać się nawet przez większą część roku. W takiej sytuacji konieczna jest wizyta u lekarza, gdyż jedynym sposobem, aby katar ustąpił samoistnie, jest nie narażanie dziecka na kontakt z czynnikiem wywołującym alergię. Dzieje się tak również w przypadku, gdy powodem wystąpienia kataru u dwulatka jest narażenie na dym tytoniowy czy przebywanie w stale zanieczyszczonym powietrzu.

Domowe sposoby na katar u dwulatka

W zależności od przyczyny wystąpienia kataru w dwulatka, możesz pomóc swojemu dziecku na kilka sposobów. Jednym z nich jest odpowiednie nawilżenie powietrza, gdyż pomaga ono rozrzedzić gęstą wydzielinę zalegającą w jego nosku. Takie samo działanie mają inhalacje z soli fizjologicznej, które możesz zastosować, jeżeli posiadasz nebulizator. Powszechnie wiadomo  również, że ciepła kąpiel, ze względu na unoszące się opary w łazience, łagodzi katar oraz związane z nim dolegliwości. W okresie przeziębienia pozwól dziecku na odpoczynek oraz nie puszczaj go do żłobka. Natomiast w przypadku potwierdzonej alergii u dziecka, postaraj się, aby miało ono jak najmniejszy kontakt z alergenami. 

Ulgę przynoszą również leki przeciwzapalne, przeciwbólowe, a przypadku zakażenia bakteryjnego – również antybiotyki. Pamiętaj jednak, aby przed zastosowaniem leku skontaktować się z lekarzem pediatrą, który w oparciu o posiadaną wiedzę doradzi, jakie leki i w jakich dawkach stosować.

Kiedy iść do lekarza?

Nie każde przeziębienie u dwulatka wymaga wizyty u lekarza. Są jednak sytuacje, w których powinnaś niezwłocznie udać się po pomoc do pediatry. Należą do nich m.in.:

  • wysoka gorączka dziecka wynosząca ponad 38,5 st. C.,
  • przedłużające się przeziębienie, niereagujące na leczenie lekami przeciwzapalnymi i przeciwgorączkowymi,
  • jednostronny ból twarzy u dziecka,
  • duszność,
  • zmiany zachowania dziecka,
  • drgawki,
  • problemy w pojeniu dziecka i odwodnienie.

W oparciu o obraz kliniczny oraz przeprowadzone w gabinecie badanie lekarz podejmie decyzję o dalszym postępowaniu oraz m.in. o tym, czy w przypadku twojego dziecka konieczne jest zastosowanie antybiotyku.

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