Dziecko boi się ciemności – co zrobić? Dziecko boi się ciemności – co zrobić?/ iStock

Dziecko boi się ciemności – co zrobić?

Lęk jest naturalną częścią życia dziecka, a lęk przed ciemnością jest najpowszechniejszym z nich. Pojawia się u większości maluchów i zazwyczaj znika samoistnie. Jak pokonać strach przed ciemnością?

Spis treści:

Przyczyny lęku przed ciemnością

Paraliżujący strach przed ciemnością najczęściej przypisywany jest małym dzieciom o bujnej wyobraźni. Lęk przed ciemnością jest naturalnym lękiem rozwojowym. Obserwuje się go u większości trzylatków. Zwykle utrzymuje się przez kilka miesięcy, czasami nawet lat, a potem stopniowo zaczyna wygasać. Strach pojawia się samoistnie, nie musi być związany z otoczeniem ani wychowaniem dziecka. Niekiedy dzielny i odważny dwulatek zmienia się w bojącego się ciemności trzylatka. 

Strach przed ciemnością u dzieci może być wzmocniony przepełnionymi agresją bajkami, które ogląda maluch. Dzieci boją się ciemnych pomieszczeń, oglądania mrocznych bajek, słuchania strasznych historii. Nie lubią duchów, potworów, nietoperzy. Wiele z nich nie chce przebywać w ciemnym pokoju, unika spania bez zapalonej lampki. Domagają się, by rodzic poczekał przy łóżeczku, aż zasną lub śpią w łóżku razem z rodzicami.

    Lęk przed ciemnością – czy to normalne?

    Fobia przed ciemnością jest naturalnym i przemijającym elementem dzieciństwa. Zmaga się z nią większość maluchów – jedne w mniejszym, drugie w większym stopniu. Niektóre dzieci nie wejdą do ciemnego pomieszczenia, ale zasną w ciemnym pokoju, inne z kolei chcą, by całą noc była zapalona lampka. Choć ten naturalny lęk rozwojowy w większości przypadków zanika, to może się zdarzyć, że nie przechodzi wraz z wiekiem i zaczyna utrudniać normalne funkcjonowanie w życiu dorosłym. Wówczas być może mamy do czynienia z nyktofobią, czyli patologicznym strachem przed ciemnością. Nyktofobia to zaburzenie psychiczne z rodzaju fobii, które należy leczyć.

    W jakim wieku dziecko powinno przestać bać się ciemności?

    Nim lęk przed ciemnością zniknie, minie trochę czasu. Czasami już 6-, 7-latki przestają bać się ciemności. Jednak niektóre dzieci potrzebują więcej czasu. Przecież niejeden nastolatek czy dorosły przyznaje się, że odczuwa strach, gdy znajduje się w ciemnym pomieszczeniu lub idzie ciemną ulicą. Dlatego ważne jest, by uzbroić się w cierpliwość, wspierać dziecko, ale nie wywierać na nim niepotrzebnej presji.

    Lęk przed ciemnością – jak z nim walczyć?

    Mogłoby się wydawać, że skoro lęk przed ciemnością u dzieci jest naturalnym etapem rozwoju, nie powinniśmy się nim przejmować. Nic bardziej mylnego. Z jednej strony strach powinien minąć samoistnie, ale z drugiej dziecka nigdy nie powinniśmy zostawić samego sobie. Maluchy potrzebują wsparcia, obecności rodzica. Chcą czuć i wiedzieć, że nie są z tym same. Jak pomóc dziecku? 

    • Nigdy nie można bagatelizować nawet najmniejszych obaw dzieci.
    • Należy wspierać dziecko, opowiadać o swoich doświadczeniach z dzieciństwa, które z czasem udało się opanować.
    • Dziecko musi czuć zrozumienie ze strony dorosłego.
    • Rozmawiajmy z dzieckiem o rzeczach, których się boi. Kluczem do sukcesu jest zrozumienie jego problemów.
    • Z lękiem warto spróbować się oswoić. Najpierw zostawmy włączoną na noc lampkę w pokoju, później jedynie światło zapalone na korytarzu. 
    • Na suficie w pokoju dziecka można przykleić fluorescencyjne naklejki świecące w nocy. 
    • Nie podsycajmy bujnej wyobraźni dziecka i kontrolujmy, jakie bajki ogląda czy w jakie gry gra.
    • Spróbujmy wytworzyć, wypracować w dziecku pozytywne skojarzenia związane z ciemnością. 
    • Przed snem opowiadajmy maluchowi przepełnione optymizmem historie lub czytajmy wesołe bajki.
    • Bądźmy przy dziecku aż do momentu zaśnięcia.
    • Chwalmy za odwagę.
    • Na rynku dostępne są książki terapeutyczne, które przez zabawę oswajają dziecko z ciemnością.
    • W ciągu dnia zagwarantujmy dziecku poczucie bezpieczeństwa.
    • Ograniczmy lub wyeliminujmy bodźce zewnętrzne, które w ciągu dnia wywołują w dziecku stres.

    Źródła:

    1. Frances L. Ilg; Louis Bates Ames; Sidney M. Baker, Rozwój psychiczny dziecka od 0 do 10 lat, Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne;  2015.

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