Zespół policystycznych jajników a ciąża

Zespół policystycznych jajników uznawany jest za najczęstsze schorzenie endokrynologiczne dotykające kobiety w wieku rozrodczym. Stanowi on jedną z przyczyn problemów z zajściem w ciążę. PCOS nie przekreśla jednak całkowicie szans na posiadanie dzieci. Sprawdź, jak szybko zajść w ciążę z PCOS.

Spis treści:

Co to jest PCOS?

PCOS to skrót od ang. polycystic ovary syndrome, czyli zespołu policystycznych jajników. Nazwa wynika z charakterystycznego w tym schorzeniu obrazu pęcherzyków w jajnikach w obrazie USG. PCOS jest to choroba dotykająca kobiet w wieku rozrodczym. 

Na jej powstanie ma wpływ wiele czynników, m.in. genetycznych, endokrynologicznych czy środowiskowych. Uważa się, że na PCOS bardziej narażone są kobiety z nadwagą lub otyłością prowadzące niehigieniczny tryb życia. Zespół policystycznych jajników dotyka jednak też kobiety szczupłe.

Nieleczony PCOS może nieść za sobą konsekwencje w postaci zaburzeń gospodarki węglowodanowej czy lipidowej. Może stanowić również jedną z przyczyn problemów z zajściem w ciążę.

Zespół policystycznych jajników – objawy

Dla zespołu policystycznych jajników najbardziej charakterystycznym objawem są zaburzenia miesiączkowania. U niektórych kobiet chorujących na PCOS okres pojawia się częściej niż co 21 dni lub cykl trwa powyżej 35 dni. Poza tym część kobiet z zespołem policystycznych jajników zauważa objawy hiperandrogenizmu na ciele. Jest to m.in. hirsutyzm, nadmierne przetłuszczanie się włosów czy trądzik. Jeśli zespołowi policystycznych jajników towarzyszy insulinooporność, dochodzi do pojawienia się nadwagi bądź nawet otyłości. 

Obecnie aby rozpoznać zespół policystycznych jajników, wykorzystuje się specjalne kryteria Rotterdamskie, do których należą:

  1. objawy sugerujące hiperandrogenizm (np. hirsutyzm),
  2. nieprawidłowe owulacje (rzadkie lub brak),
  3. obraz policystycznych jajników w USG.

Spełnienie 2 z 3 kryteriów pozwala na postawienie rozpoznania, jakim jest PCOS i wdrożenie odpowiedniego leczenia.

Czy można zajść w ciążę z PCOS?

Według statystyk nawet połowa kobiet cierpiących na PCOS zmaga się z problemem, jakim jest niepłodność. Wynika to z braku lub rzadko występujących owulacji, niezbędnych do zapłodnienia. Zespół policystycznych jajników nie przekreśla jednak szans na macierzyństwo. Prawidłowa diagnoza i leczenie umożliwiają wielu kobietom zajście w ciążę

Jak zespół policystycznych jajników wpływa na ciążę?

Zespół policystycznych jajników, ze względu na zaburzenia owulacji, stanowi utrudnienie zajścia w ciążę. PCOS może też nieść za sobą powikłania w trakcie trwania ciąży. Kobiety z zespołem policystycznych jajników bardziej narażone są na poronienie oraz rozwinięcie się cukrzycy ciążowej, która najprawdopodobniej powstaje w wyniku przedciążowej insulinooporności.

Badanie płodności – kiedy się je robi?

Polecamy

Badanie płodności – kiedy się je robi?

Problem niepłodności osiąga tak duże rozmiary, że Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia uznała go za chorobę społeczną. W Polsce problemy ma nawet co 6. para, która jest zdecydowana na potomstwo. Dlatego tak ważne jest, by w przypadku niepowodzeń z poczęciem wykonać badanie płodności u kobiety i mężczyzny. Jak przygotować się do badania płodności? Czy to drogie i bolesne badania?

Czytaj

Leczenie zespołu policystycznych jajników

W przypadku wystąpienia objawów PCOS ważna jest dokładna diagnostyka i wykluczenie innych chorób mogących mieć podobny przebieg (np. zespołu Cushinga czy hiperprolaktynemii). Leczenie zespołu policystycznych jajników uzależnione jest od priorytetów danej kobiety. Postępowanie różnić będzie się u pań pragnących w niedługim czasie zajść w ciążę, a inne będzie, jeśli kobieta na razie nie planuje ciąży. 

W przypadku wystąpienia insulinooporności stosowana jest metformina. Jeśli kobieta skarży się na nasilone objawy hiperandrogenizmu, wykorzystuje się leki o działaniu antyandrogenowym. Lekarze w przypadku stwierdzenia PCOS przepisują także dwuskładnikowe tabletki antykoncepcyjne. Często poza leczeniem farmakologicznym istotna jest dobrana odpowiednio dieta, np. o niskim indeksie glikemicznym. Decyzja jednak zależy od konkretnej sytuacji klinicznej u danej kobiety i powinna zapaść po konsultacji z dietetykiem.

Jak szybko zajść w ciążę z PCOS?

Aby ciąża u kobiet zmagających się z zespołem policystycznych jajników była możliwa, konieczne jest farmakologiczne wywołanie owulacji. W tym celu stosuje się najczęściej cytrynian klomifenu. W przypadku nieskuteczności można wykorzystać gonadotropiny, a jeśli i one są nieskuteczne, skorzystać można z zapłodnienia pozaustrojowego. Lekarze zajmujący się PCOS zaznaczają jednak, że bardzo istotną rolę w leczeniu i staraniach o ciążę odgrywa dieta, a także aktywność fizyczna. Ważna jest również redukcja masy ciała. Jeśli kobieta z PCOS chce zajść w ciążę, powinna być pod opieką zarówno endokrynologa, jak i ginekologa oraz dietetyka.

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