Co to takiego mikrobiota jelitowa? / istock Co to takiego mikrobiota jelitowa? / istock

Co to takiego mikrobiota jelitowa?

Mikrobiota jelitowa jest niezwykle ważna dla funkcjonowania naszego organizmu. Równowaga bakteryjna w jelitach ma znaczenie nie tylko dla trawienia – to olbrzymie wsparcie dla układu odpornościowego. Jak dbać o mikrobiotę jelitową i jak rozpoznać jej zaburzenia?

Spis treści:

Co to mikrobiota jelitowa?

Mikrobiota jelitowa to drobnoustroje (jak bakterie czy grzyby), które zasiedlają jelita. Mikrobiotę w organizmie człowieka tworzy 1014 bakterii, większość z nich, bo ponad 70 proc., bytuje w jelicie grubym.

Dzięki prowadzonym badaniom o mikrobiocie jelitowej wiemy coraz więcej. Bakterie przewodu pokarmowego wpływają nie tylko na proces trawienia, ale i na funkcjonowanie całego organizmu. Funkcje mikrobioty to m.in.:

  • ochrona przed infekcjami,
  • trawienie długołańcuchowych kwasów tłuszczowych,
  • synteza witamin, 
  • regulacja odpowiedzi immunologicznej,
  • regulacja równowagi metabolicznej.

Chociaż skład mikrobioty różni się w zależności od człowieka, wpływ na to ma m.in. to, w jaki sposób przyszliśmy na świat, dieta, styl życia, przebyte choroby czy przyjmowane leki), to w każdym organizmie znajdują się zarówno bakterie, które mają na niego korzystny wpływ (jak Lactobacillus), jak i te działające niekorzystnie (jak Escherichia coli). Równowaga bakteryjna jest niezwykle ważna dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania organizmu.

O mikrobiocie jelitowej dziecka powinnyśmy myśleć już w czasie ciąży – my także mamy na nią wpływ (znaczenie ma m.in. przyjmowanie antybiotyków, masa ciała czy poziom stresu). A bakterie, które zasiedlają przewód pokarmowy to jeden z pierwszych antygenów, z którymi układ odpornościowy dziecka ma do czynienia. Warto pamiętać także o tym, że mikrobiota jelitowa jest kształtowana przede wszystkim w pierwszych dwóch lub trzech latach życia (początkowo skład mikrobioty nie jest różnorodny, zmienia się stopniowo – około drugiego roku życia staje się podobny do składu mikrobioty osoby dorosłej). Dlatego tak duże znaczenie ma tzw. programowanie żywieniowe.

Mikrobiom a mikrobiota

Mikrobiota (nazywana także mikroflorą czy florą bakteryjną) to wszystkie drobnoustroje (bakterie, wirusy, grzyby, eukariota), które bytują w naszym organizmie. Z kolei mikrobiom to geny, które są kodowane przez mikrobiotę. Niekiedy te sformułowania bywają stosowane zamiennie, jednak nie do końca oznaczają to samo – wszystkie mikroorganizmy zasiedlające nasz organizm to mikrobiota, a ich genom to mikrobiom.

Mikrobiota jelit – co wytwarza?

Mikrobiota jelitowa nie tylko uczestniczy w procesie trawienia, bakterie w naszych jelitach mają także związek z syntezą witamin. Dzięki nim powstaje biotyna czy witamina K, ale i krótkołańcuchowe kwasy tłuszczowe. Mikrobiota ma także wpływ na wchłanianie żelaza i wapnia, pobudza tworzenie przeciwciał IgA.

Czy warto jeść kiszonki w ciąży?

Polecamy

Czy warto jeść kiszonki w ciąży?

Kiszonki cieszą się coraz większą popularnością. I to nie tylko te klasyczne, jak kiszone ogórki czy kapusta, bo kisić można praktycznie wszystko – warzywa, owoce, grzyby, a nawet zioła. Boom na fermentowaną żywność wynika zarówno z jej walorów smakowych, jak i zdrowotnych. Czy można i warto jeść kiszonki w ciąży?

Czytaj

Jak rozpoznać, że mikrobiota jelitowa jest zaburzona?

Mikrobiota jelit to zarówno „dobre”, jak i „złe” bakterie. Aby odpowiednio pełniła swoje funkcje, bytujące w niej drobnoustroje (pożyteczne, chorobotwórcze oraz oportunistyczne) powinny być w stanie równowagi. Gdy zaburzony zostaje skład oraz funkcje drobnoustrojów tworzących mikrobiotę, mówimy o dysbiozie. Brak równowagi bakteryjnej może być przyczyną wielu chorób.

Na zaburzenia mikrobioty jelitowej mogą wskazywać takie objawy, jak:

Dolegliwości mogą dotyczyć nie tylko układu pokarmowego. Takie objawy, jak spadek odporności, przewlekłe zmęczenie czy złe samopoczucie również mogą świadczyć o dysbiozie jelitowej.

Przyczyny zaburzeń mikrobioty jelitowej są różne. To przede wszystkim niewłaściwa dieta, choroby infekcyjne czy antybiotykoterapia. Nie u każdego dysbioza jelitowa będzie wyglądała w ten sam sposób – u jednej osoby może obniżyć się poziom „dobrych” bakterii, u innej wzrośnie poziom „złych”.

Zaburzenia mikrobioty jelitowej – co robić?

Gdy podejrzewamy zaburzenia mikrobioty jelitowej, warto wykonać badanie kału. Badanie mikrobioty jelitowej pozwoli ustalić, które bakterie bytują w naszym organizmie i których jest zbyt mało, a których – zbyt dużo. Podczas badania sprawdzane są szczepy bakterii i grzybów pod względem ilościowym i jakościowym.

W przypadku zaburzeń mikrobioty jelitowej powinniśmy ją modyfikować – przede wszystkim polega to na sprawieniu, aby „dobrych” drobnoustrojów było więcej. Najczęściej wykorzystywane są do tego probiotyki, prebiotyki i synbiotyki (a badanie mikroflory jelitowej pozwoli ustalić po produkt, z którym szczepem powinnyśmy sięgnąć). Inne możliwości modyfikacji mikrobioty jelitowej to stosowanie antybiotyków działających w świetle przewodu pokarmowego oraz przeszczep mikrobioty jelitowej (FMT).

Mikrobiota jelitowa a dieta

Doskonale wiemy, że nasz jadłospis powinien być zróżnicowany, zawierający pokarmy z różnych grup. Ma to olbrzymie znaczenie również w kontekście mikrobioty jelit. W naszej diecie powinny znaleźć się m.in. warzywa i owoce, produkty pełnoziarniste, kiszonki oraz produkty fermentowane. Błonnik pokarmowy wpływa na skład mikrobioty, a fermentowane produkty są źródłem korzystnych bakterii fermentacji mlekowej.

O mikrobiotę jelitową warto zadbać – dysbioza jelitowa może prowadzić nie tylko do problemów z układem trawiennym, ale i do chorób autoimmunologicznych, chorób zapalnych jelit, nawracających infekcji czy do zaburzeń nastroju.

Źródła:

  1. Skrzydło-Radomańska B., Wronecki J., Czy mikrobiotę jelitową można skutecznie modyfikować?, Varia Medica 2019, tom 3, nr 1, strony 18-26.
  2. Gałęcka M., Basińska A. M., Bartnicka A., Znaczenie mikrobioty jelitowej w kształtowaniu zdrowia człowieka – implikacje w praktyce lekarza rodzinnego, Via Medica, Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej 2018, tom 12, nr 2, strony 50-59.
  3. Urbańska S., Pokarm przyjazny dla jelit – pod względem równowagi mikrobiologicznej, Narodowe Centrum Edukacji Żywieniowej https://ncez.pzh.gov.pl/abc-zywienia/pokarm-przyjazny-dla-jelit-pod-wzgledem-rownowagi-mikrobiologicznej [dostęp: 10.10.2022 r.]

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