Wysypka u dziecka – co musisz o niej wiedzieć?/fot. Getty Images Wysypka u dziecka – co musisz o niej wiedzieć?/fot. Getty Images

Wysypka u dziecka – co musisz o niej wiedzieć?

To mogą być plamki, swędzące wybroczyny czy nadżerki. Powodów wysypki u dziecka może być wiele. Choć na samą myśl o diagnozie rodziców oblewa zimny pot, to nie zawsze zmiany skórne u dzieci są powodem do niepokoju. Niezależnie od przyczyny podrażniona skóra wymaga odpowiedniej pielęgnacji. Jak radzić sobie ze zmianami na skórze dziecka?

Spis treści:

Swędząca wysypka u dziecka – skąd się bierze?

Wysypka u dziecka w postaci krostek, pokrzywki czy plamek jest oznaką alergii lub choroby. Często towarzyszy jej świąd, pieczenie, a nawet ból. 

Krostki na ciele dziecka – choć oczywiście mogą wskazywać na chorobę – najczęściej są wynikiem reakcji uczuleniowej, która pojawia się w odpowiedzi na konkretny składnik jedzenia, środki do pielęgnacji, detergenty czy przyjmowane leki. Plamki na ciele dziecka często spowodowane są przegrzaniem i odparzeniami. Zmianami na skórze objawia się także grzybica. Jednak bez względu na przyczynę czerwone krostki u dziecka powodują dyskomfort, któremu trzeba szybko zaradzić. 

Pieluszkowe zapalenie skóry i przegrzanie

Skóra niemowlaka jest bardzo delikatna, a tym samym podatna na podrażnienia. Bardzo często czerwona wysypka u dziecka wywołana jest pieluszkowym zapaleniem skóry lub przegrzaniem. Pieluszkowe zapalenie skóry to stan zapalny będący wynikiem drażniącego działania moczu i kału. Pojawia się u niemowląt i małych dzieci noszących pieluchy. Czynnikami sprzyjającymi powstawaniu zapalenia jest ciągłe pocieranie skóry przez pieluszkę, niewystarczająca higiena miejsc intymnych czy wilgoć. Jak pomóc maluszkowi? Odpowiednia higiena i wentylacja uszkodzonego naskórka przyspieszają regenerację. Zmienione chorobowo miejsca warto natłuszczać kremem przeciw odparzeniom lub smarować maścią z cynkiem, która łagodzi podrażnienia, działa wysuszająco i bakteriobójczo. Gdy zmiany obejmują dużą powierzchnię lub pojawi się gorączka, powinniśmy udać się do lekarza. 

Rozwojowi swędzącej wysypki na ciele sprzyja także przegrzanie. Potówki są efektem zatrzymania potu w ujściach gruczołów potowych. Drobne krostki wypełnione przezroczystym płynem pojawiają się w miejscach, gdzie skóra najbardziej się poci – w pachwinach, na karku i w fałdach szyi. Jak temu zaradzić? Ważne, by nie przegrzewać dziecka i utrzymywać odpowiednią temperaturę w pomieszczeniu. Konieczne są regularne kąpiele i wkładanie przewiewnych, bawełnianych ubrań. 

Grzybica, alergia i choroby zakaźne

Drobne, czerwone krostki na ciele dziecka to objaw choroby alergicznej, która stosunkowo często występuje u maluchów. Skóra niemowlęcia jest bardzo podatna na podrażnienia wywołane proszkiem do prania czy używanymi  kosmetykami, a zmiany na niej często są efektem alergii pokarmowej. Pokrzywka u dziecka to właśnie reakcja organizmu na drażniące substancje zawarte w pokarmach. Z kolei wysypka u niemowlaka karmionego piersią może być spowodowana produktami spożywanymi przez mamę. Co więcej, alergeny znajdujące się w powietrzu – kurz, roztocza, pyłki roślin – oprócz objawów ze strony układu oddechowego mogą sprzyjać powstawaniu krost na ciele dziecka.

Wysypka u dziecka to częsty objaw chorób zakaźnych typowych dla najmłodszych – ospy wietrznej, odry czy różyczki. Zmiany przy ospie wietrznej mają postać niesymetrycznych plamek, które przekształcają się w grudki, potem pęcherzyki wypełnione płynem, a w końcowej fazie zamieniają w strupki. Z kolei odra to wirusowa choroba zakaźna, na którą najbardziej narażone są niemowlęta pomiędzy 6. a 12. miesiącem życia. Czerwone plamki pojawiają się na całym ciele. Odrze często towarzyszy charakterystyczny szczekający kaszel. Charakterystyczną cechą różyczki jest różowa grudkowa wysypka, która w początkowej fazie choroby pojawia się na twarzy i szyi, a później obejmuje całe ciało. 

Wysypka na ciele malucha może być wynikiem infekcji grzybiczych wywołanych przez dermatofity. Jednym z czynników sprzyjających rozwojowi grzybicy jest nie w pełni rozwinięty układ immunologiczny u małych dzieci.

Jak pielęgnować skórę z wysypką?

Zmiany skórne – niezależnie od lokalizacji – wymagają odpowiedniej pielęgnacji. W przypadku pieluszkowego zapalenia skóry należy pamiętać o częstej zmianie pieluch i wietrzeniu zaczerwienionych miejsc. Zmiany skórne o łagodnym przebiegu zazwyczaj leczy się miejscowo. Swędzącą, uporczywą wysypkę warto smarować preparatami łagodzącymi. Podczas codziennej pielęgnacji należy używać delikatnych kosmetyków wyprodukowanych na bazie naturalnych substancji. Ważne, by nie zawierały sztucznych barwników i substancji zapachowych, które mogłyby dodatkowo podrażniać skórę.  

W przypadku nasilonych zmian skórnych wywołanych chorobą zakaźną, grzybicą czy uporczywą alergią zalecana jest wizyta u lekarza. Być może konieczne będzie rozpoczęcie antybiotykoterapii lub przyjmowanie leków przeciwhistaminowych. 

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