Katar sienny u dzieci/fot. Getty Images Katar sienny u dzieci/fot. Getty Images

Katar sienny u dzieci

Katar sienny jest coraz bardziej powszechny. Nic dziwnego – coraz więcej dzieci uczulają alergeny wziewne, które są jedną z przyczyn zapalenia błony śluzowej nosa. Dolegliwości towarzyszące katarowi siennemu mają różny stopień nasilenia. Jak wygląda proces leczenia nieżytu nosa u dzieci? Jak złagodzić dolegliwości domowymi sposobami?

Spis treści:

Katar sienny u dzieci – przyczyny

Katar sienny, inaczej alergiczny, jest wynikiem alergicznego zapalenia błony śluzowej nosa. To reakcja na alergeny znajdujące się w powietrzu, zwane alergenami wziewnymi. Kiedy alergen dostaje się do dróg oddechowych malucha, aktywują się komórki tuczne i wydzielana jest duża ilość histaminy, co pobudza gruczoły do wydzielania śluzu. Rozpoczyna się stan zapalny. 

Katar sienny występuje sezonowo lub przez cały rok. W pierwszym przypadku dokucza dzieciom przeważnie wiosną i latem, związany jest z pyleniem roślin. Z kolei przyczyną całorocznego kataru siennego może być uczulenie na sierść psa lub kota, roztocza czy zarodniki grzybów. Także niektóre alergeny pokarmowe mogą przyczynić się do pojawienia kataru u dzieci. 

Ponadto ryzyko wystąpienia kataru alergicznego u maluchów związane jest z czynnikami genetycznymi. Może towarzyszyć schorzeniom o podłożu alergicznym np. astmie oskrzelowej czy atopowemu zapaleniu skóry.

Objawy kataru siennego u dzieci

Objawy kataru alergicznego, który pojawia się w odpowiedzi na ekspozycję alergenu w postaci pyłków roślin, sierści czy roztoczy, można porównać do tych, jakie występują przy przeziębieniu. 

Gdy dochodzi do kontaktu z alergenem, układ immunologiczny staje „w gotowości”, wydzielana jest histamina, która powoduje, że śluzówka staje się przekrwiona, swędzi i powstaje wydzielina. 

Objawy kataru siennego u dziecka – w szczególności gdy pojawiają się po raz pierwszy – często mylone są przez rodziców z infekcją górnych dróg oddechowych. Dolegliwości mają różny stopień nasilenia – mogą być ledwo zauważalne, ale czasami utrudniają normalne funkcjonowanie. Katarowi siennemu u dzieci towarzyszy:

  • kichanie, 
  • łzawienie oczu, 
  • swędzenie nosa, oczu, a nawet gardła. 

Dolegliwości te najgorzej znoszą niemowlęta i małe dzieci, które nie potrafią powiedzieć, co im dolega. Maluch zmagający się z alergią często jest rozdrażniony, płaczliwy, senny, może uskarżać się na ból głowy. Nieżyt nosa przejawiający się wodnistym katarem sprawia, że dziecko ma problemy ze snem.

Ile trwa katar u dzieci?

Katar sienny wynikający ze stanu zapalnego błony śluzowej podrażnionej przez pyłki roślin pojawia się co roku mniej więcej o tej samej porze i trwa do momentu, w którym rośliny przestaną pylić. Dokucza alergikom głównie wiosną i latem. Z kolei ten związany z sierścią, roztoczami czy grzybami utrzymuje się tak długo, jak dziecko narażone jest na kontakt z alergenem. To rodzaj kataru całorocznego. 

O katarze będącym wynikiem infekcji wirusowej lub bakteryjnej górnych dróg oddechowych czy zatok zazwyczaj mówimy, że „leczony czy nie – trwa siedem dni”. W rzeczywistości intensywny wyciek wodnistej wydzieliny trwa 3–4 pierwsze dni infekcji, później wydzielina zmienia charakter na bardziej stały, a jej zielonkawe zabarwienie wskazuje na nadkażenie.

Domowe sposoby na katar

Podstawą leczenia kataru siennego u dziecka jest próba eliminacji czynnika go wywołującego. Dlatego tak ważne jest zapoznanie się z kalendarzem pylenia roślin, który informuje w jakim czasie i w których miejscach występuje największe stężenie danych alergenów w powietrzu.

Znajomość okresu pylenia pozwoli na unikanie, chociaż w pewnym stopniu, kontaktu z alergenami – rodzice ograniczają wyjazdy czy wyjścia w miejsca o ich największym stężeniu. Należy unikać kontaktów ze zwierzętami, jeśli dziecko jest na nie uczulone, a także często sprzątać mieszkanie, by usunąć kurz i roztocza. 

Skuteczną, domową metodą stosowaną w leczeniu kataru siennego u dzieci jest aromaterapia, czyli wykorzystywanie do inhalacji i nawilżania śluzówki nosa olejków eterycznych. Do inhalacji można użyć rumianku, olejku rozmarynowego, jak i zwykłej soli kuchennej. Jednak nawet najzwyklejsza inhalacja, zwana potocznie „parówką”, nawilży i oczyści błonę śluzową nosa. Ponadto herbata z rumianku czy mięty posiada działanie łagodzące i kojące. U nieco starszych dzieci można przeprowadzić irygacje przy wykorzystaniu specjalnych zestawów dostępnych w aptece.

Kiedy iść do lekarza?

Jeśli domowe sposoby nie przynoszą oczekiwanych rezultatów lub gdy u dziecka pojawią się inne niepokojące objawy, należy zgłosić się do lekarza. Podstawą diagnostyki kataru siennego u dzieci są testy wykonane pod okiem alergologa, które umożliwiają określenie konkretnego czynnika alergicznego. Ta wiedza pomoże unikać kontaktu z alergenem. 

Lekarz może zalecić podawanie dziecku kropli do nosa lub leków o działaniu przeciwhistaminowym. Leczenie kataru siennego u maluchów powinno odbywać się pod okiem doświadczonego alergologa. 

Nieustanne podrażnienie błony śluzowej nosa, jakie pojawia się przy katarze siennym, może doprowadzić do przewlekłego stanu zapalnego. Nieleczony katar sienny u dzieci może przyczynić się do rozwoju alergii, w tym reakcji alergicznej ze strony oskrzeli.

Źródła:

  1. Sybilski A.J., Choroby alergiczne u dzieci, wyd. Medical Education, 2020.

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