Cytomegalia – co to jest? Cytomegalia – co to jest? / iStock

Cytomegalia – co to jest?

Cytomegalia to choroba, którą większość osób przechodzi bezobjawowo. Szacuje się, że jej nosicielami może być nawet 90 proc. populacji. Zakażenie to jest szczególnie groźne u kobiet spodziewających się dziecka, ponieważ może przenieść się na płód. Jakie są objawy cytomegalii? Jak sprawdzić, czy nie jesteśmy jej nosicielem?

Spis treści:

Czym jest cytomegalia?

Cytomegalia to jedna z najpowszechniejszych na świecie wirusowych chorób zakaźnych. Niewiele o niej wiemy, ponieważ choroby wywołane przez cytomegalowirus u większości ludzi przebiegają bezobjawowo. Zarówno zarażona osoba, jak i nosiciel wirusa mogą wydalać wirusa cytomegalii ze łzami, moczem, śliną, nasieniem i wydzieliną dróg rodnych kobiet. Cytomegalowirusa można także znaleźć w mleku kobiecym, krwi i kale. O ile osobie zdrowej i odpornej cytomegalia nie zrobi krzywdy, o tyle w czasie ciąży jej skutki mogą być niepokojące i groźne. 

Cytomegalię diagnozuje się na podstawie badań krwi i moczu. Badanie serologiczne oznaczające IgG i IgM wykonywane jest w celu oznaczenia przeciwciał. U osób zakażonych CMV obecne będą przeciwciała IgM oraz podwyższony poziom IgG. Przechorowanie pozostawia we krwi przeciwciała pamięci z grupy IgG, ale nie powoduje to trwałej odporności. Oznacza to, że można ponownie zarazić się nowym rodzajem wirusa cytomegalii obecnym w otoczeniu, jak i uaktywnić zakażenie własnym, uśpionym szczepem wirusa, analogicznie jak w nawracających rzutach opryszczki mówi dr ginekolog Alicja Bednarowska-Filisiak.

Co powoduje cytomegalię?

Cytomegalia wywoływana jest przez wirusa Cytomegalovirus hominis (CMV), który pochodzi z tej samej rodziny co wirus opryszczki, ospy wietrznej i półpaśca. CMV po przebytym zakażeniu zostaje w organizmie człowieka. Choć w większości przypadków pozostaje w uśpieniu do końca życia, może się uaktywnić. Do reaktywacji wirusa cytomegalii dochodzi najczęściej w czasie:

  • ciąży, 
  • stanów przedłużającego się stresu, 
  • epizodów obniżenia odporności.  

Wyróżniamy dwa rodzaje cytomegalii – nabytą i wrodzoną. O pierwszej mówimy w przypadku, gdy do zakażenia dochodzi poprzez bezpośredni kontakt z płynami ciała – śliną, moczem, łzami lub przez kontakty seksualne. Dodatkowo do zakażenia może doprowadzić transfuzja zakażonej krwi lub zakażonego narządu. 

Z kolei do zakażenia wrodzonego dochodzi najczęściej, jeśli kobieta tuż przed zajściem w ciążę lub w ciąży uległa zakażeniu pierwotnemu, czyli po raz pierwszy w życiu zetknęła się z wirusem. Wirus może przeniknąć do płodu przez łożysko, do zakażenia może dojść również podczas porodu.

Jakie są objawy cytomegalii?

Szczyt zachorowań na cytomegalię przypada na okres żłobkowo-przedszkolny i to właśnie od przedszkolaków najczęściej zarażają się osoby dorosłe – w tym kobiety ciężarne. Choć niemalże w 90 proc. przypadków choroba przebiega bezobjawowo, czasami mogą wystąpić objawy podobne do przeziębienia i grypy:

  • gorączka, 
  • zapalenie gardła, 
  • powiększenie węzłów chłonnych, 
  • bóle mięśniowo-stawowe,
  • osłabienie.  

Jak leczyć cytomegalię?

W większości przypadków cytomegalia nie wymaga leczenia. Jeśli wirusem CMV zarazi się zdrowa osoba, której system immunologiczny jest wydolny, wówczas organizm sam powstrzymuje rozwój choroby. 

Z kolei osobom z obniżoną odpornością, a także noworodkom i niemowlętom, u  których zdiagnozowano chorobę, podaje się leki powstrzymujące namnażanie się wirusa. Należy jednak mieć na uwadze, że leki nie eliminują wirusa, a jedynie go usypiają. Całkowite wyleczenie zakażenia CMV nie jest możliwe, wirus pozostaje w organizmie w fazie utajenia. Leczenie może trwać kilka tygodni i w większości przypadków odbywa się w szpitalu.

Cytomegalia – powikłania

Cytomegalia wrodzona może mieć poważne skutki, szczególnie u niemowląt. Podobnie jest jeszcze na etapie życia płodowego im wcześniej płód zostanie zakażony, tym bardziej niekorzystne są następstwa. Należą do nich:

  • niska masa urodzeniowa, 
  • małogłowie,
  • zapalenie mózgu,
  • zwapnienia śródmózgowe,
  • niedowłady spastyczne wywołane uszkodzeniem ośrodkowego układu nerwowego,
  • niedosłuch, 
  • wady narządu wzroku, 
  • opóźnienie rozwoju, 
  • powiększenie wątroby i śledziony, 
  • żółtaczka.

Jak ocenia Alicja Bednarowska-Filisiak, wrodzone zakażenie cytomegalią jest najczęstszą infekcją płodowo-noworodkową. – Infekcja wirusem cytomegalii podczas ciąży może dotyczyć nawet 10 proc. nowonarodzonych dzieci. Większość spośród nich nie będzie miała objawów, ale w przyszłości przechorowanie w łonie matki może powodować problemy ze słuchem czy zaburzenia neurologiczne. Wirusa cytomegalii dziecko może także dostać z mlekiem zakażonej matki.

Szacuje się, że u 70 proc. dzieci do 3. roku życia, które uczęszczają do żłobków i przedszkoli, wykrywa się przeciwciała IgG wskazujące na bezobjawowe zakażenie. Niestety do tej pory nie wynaleziono szczepionki przeciwko cytomegalowirusowi. Pozostaje nam stosować się do zasad higieny, co szczególnie dotyczy przyszłych mam.

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