Jak rozpoznać cukrzycę ciążową i kiedy konieczna jest insulina w ciąży? Jak rozpoznać cukrzycę ciążową i kiedy konieczna jest insulina w ciąży? / Zdjęcie: Getty Images

Cukrzyca ciążowa – kiedy insulina?

Cukrzyca ciążowa to powikłanie metaboliczne powodujące zwiększone stężenie glukozy we krwi podczas ciąży. Stale utrzymująca się hiperglikemia jest niebezpieczna zarówno dla kobiety w ciąży, jak i rozwijającego się płodu, dlatego poziom glikemii bada się profilaktycznie już na początku ciąży. Jak rozpoznać cukrzycę ciążową i kiedy konieczna jest insulina w ciąży?

Spis treści:

Cukrzyca ciążowa - skąd się bierze?

Cukrzyca ciążowa (GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus) to według definicji każde zaburzenie tolerancji glukozy ujawniające się w trakcie ciąży. Szacuje się, że częstość występowania GDM w populacji kobiet w ciąży wynosi 3-12 proc. Przyczyny powstawania cukrzycy ciążowej są złożone. Wyższe ryzyko zachorowania występuje u kobiet, które miały zaburzoną endogenną produkcję insuliny bądź objawy insulinnooporności jeszcze przed zajściem w ciążę.

W czasie ciąży wzrasta stężenie niektórych hormonów takich jak estrogeny, progesteron i laktogen łożyskowy, co nasila insulinooporność. Ponadto u większości kobiet obserwuje się wzrost zapotrzebowania na insulinę skutkujący zwiększeniem jej produkcji, nawet o 50 proc. Pogorszenie metabolizmu glukozy i insuliny prowadzi do podwyższonego stężenia glukozy we krwi – hiperglikemii. Stan ten jest niebezpieczny zarówno dla kobiety w ciąży jak i rozwijającego się płodu.

Do czynników ryzyka wystąpienia cukrzycy ciążowej zalicza się:

  • nadmiar tkanki tłuszczowej w przebiegu nadwagi lub otyłości,
  • małą aktywność fizyczną,
  • nadciśnienie tętnicze krwi,
  • ciążę po 35. roku życia,
  • rodzinne obciążenie cukrzycą,
  • stwierdzoną przed ciążą podwyższoną glikemię na czczo lub upośledzoną tolerancję glukozy,
  • zespół policystycznych jajników,
  • w wywiadzie: porody dzieci o masie ciała powyżej 4000g, urodzenie dziecka z wadą rozwojową, zgony wewnątrzmaciczne, cukrzyca ciążowa w poprzednich ciążach, wielorództwo.

Jak rozpoznać cukrzycę ciążową?

Cukrzycę ciążową rozpoznaje się już na początku ciąży, zazwyczaj podczas pierwszej wizyty u ginekologa. W tym celu należy wykonać na czczo pomiar stężenia glukozy we krwi. Jeśli stężenie glukozy jest mniejsze niż 92 mg/dl, nie stwierdza się nieprawidłowości glikemii, ale diagnostykę należy powtórzyć między 24 a 28 tygodniem ciąży. Wynik testu wyższy niż 92 mg/dl oznacza nieprawidłową tolerancję glukozy i konieczność potwierdzenia cukrzycy ciążowej za pomocą testu doustnego obciążenia glukozą – OGGT. Polega on na oznaczeniu poziomu glikemii we krwi żylnej po wypiciu roztworu 75g glukozy.

Kryteria diagnostyczne cukrzycy ciążowej po wykonaniu testu OGTT przedstawia poniższa tabelka.

Czas wykonania oznaczenia Stężenie glukozy w osoczu
[mg/dl] [mmol/l]
Na czczo 92-125 5,1-6,9
60. min. ≥180 ≥10,0
120. Min. 153-199 8,5-11,0

Podwyższony poziom cukru a bezpieczeństwo ciąży

Stale podwyższony poziom cukru we krwi niesie ze sobą ryzyko powikłań ciąży. Szczególnie niebezpieczna jest cukrzyca ciążowa niewykryta na początku ciąży, ponieważ może prowadzić do poronień oraz powstania wad rozwojowych płodu.

Hiperglikemia w czasie ciąży sprawia, że glukoza przechodzi przez łożysko w nadmiernej ilości, a płód jest “przekarmiany”. W konsekwencji może dojść do makrosomii płodu (czyli masy płodu przekraczającej 4000 g) i wynikających z niej powikłań okołoporodowych, w tym niedotlenienia płodu. Hiperinsulinemia płodowa w drugiej połowie ciąży predysponuje do fetopatii cukrzycowej. Zaburzenia jakie mogą się wtedy pojawić to: nadmierna masa urodzeniowa płodu, przerost narządów i tkanek, otłuszczenie organizmu, hipoglikemia oraz zaburzenia elektrolitowe.

Kiedy konieczna jest insulina w ciąży?

Leczenie cukrzycy ciążowej polega na wprowadzeniu diety cukrzycowej o kaloryczności dopasowanej do aktualnego zapotrzebowania kobiety i jej aktywności fizycznej. Dieta powinna dostarczać 40-50 proc. węglowodanów, szczególnie tych o niskim indeksie glikemicznym; 20-30 proc. tłuszczów oraz 30 proc. białka. Nie powinno zabraknąć w niej surowych warzyw i owoców, pełnoziarnistego pieczywa i grubych kasz oraz produktów nabiałowych.

W obniżeniu stężenia glukozy pomaga też wysiłek fizyczny, ponieważ zwiększa wrażliwość na insulinę. Podjęcie aktywności fizycznej powinno być konsultowane z lekarzem prowadzącym. Jeśli nie ma przeciwwskazań, kobieta w ciąży powinna spacerować, chodzić na basen oraz wykonywać ćwiczenia gimnastyczne.

Kiedy wprowadza się insulinę przy cukrzycy ciążowej? Wstrzyknięcia insuliny mogą być konieczne, gdy modyfikacja stylu życia nie przynosi poprawy w postaci normoglikemii. Terapia insuliną polega na podawaniu insuliny krótko działającej przed każdym posiłkiem, a u niektórych kobiet także insuliny długodziałającej na noc i/lub rano.

Przy jakich wynikach insulina w ciąży staje się koniecznością? Pojawienie się cukrzycy ciążowej wymaga wykonywania codziennych pomiarów glikemii za pomocą glukometru. Jeśli wartości glukozy na czczo i przed posiłkiem będą wyższe niż 92 mg/dobę, a godzinę po posiłku przekroczą 120 mg/dl lekarz prawdopodobnie zleci insulinę.

Źródła:

  1. Katarzyna Cypryk, „Cukrzyca ciążowa — rozpoznawanie i leczenie”, Ginekologia i Perinatologia Praktyczna 2016 tom 1, nr 2, strony 41–44.
  2. Polskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne, „Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące postępowania u chorych na cukrzycę 2019”, 2019, tom 5, nr 1.
  3. Teresa Grzelak, Elżbieta Janicka, Marta Kramkowska, Marcelina Walczak, Krystyna Czyżewska, „Cukrzyca ciążowa – skutki niewyrównania i podstawy regulacji glikemii”, Nowiny Lekarskie 2013, 82, 8, 163–169.

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