Ból jajników w ciąży – co oznacza i jakie są przyczyny? Ból jajników w ciąży – co oznacza i jakie są przyczyny?/ Rawpixel

Ból jajników w ciąży – co oznacza i jakie są przyczyny?

Kobiety ciężarne często skarżą się na bóle podbrzusza. W większości przypadków nie zwiastuje to nic groźnego, ale czasami może być objawem schorzenia wymagającego lekarskiej interwencji. Co może oznaczać ból jajników w pierwszych tygodniach ciąży? Jak objawia się zapalenie przydatków?

Spis treści:

Ból jajników we wczesnej ciąży – czy to normalne?

Na samym początku ciąży wiele kobiet doświadcza bólu w okolicy jajników. Nie jest to najczęściej ból samego jajnika, ale jest zlokalizowany w jego otoczeniu. Najczęściej wynika z rozciągania się więzadeł oraz powiększania macicy. 

Poza tym w pierwszych dniach ciąży ma miejsce implantacja, która także może objawić się bólami jajników podobnymi do tych miesiączkowych. U większości kobiet ciężarnych odczucie bólu jajników we wczesnej ciąży jest fizjologiczne i nie zwiastuje nic groźnego. Jeśli jednak ból jest bardzo silny, narasta w czasie i towarzyszą mu inne objawy, należy wziąć pod uwagę pozostałe możliwe przyczyny, które wymagają konsultacji ze specjalistą.

Ból jajników w ciąży – to może być poronienie

Spora część kobiet będących na początku ciąży obawia się poronienia, mając na uwadze, że jego ryzyko w pierwszych tygodniach ciąży jest największe. Jednym z objawów poronienia jest ból w okolicy podbrzusza. Jest on najczęściej opisywany jako dość silny. Drugim podstawowym symptomem oznaczającym możliwe poronienie jest wystąpienie krwawienia, czasami pod postacią plamienia, a w niektórych sytuacjach obfitego z obecnością skrzepów. Aby stwierdzić poronienie, lekarz najczęściej wykonuje badanie USG, którego celem jest uwidocznienie obecności zarodka oraz czynności serca płodu. Poza tym o poronieniu świadczyć może też zły przyrost stężenia beta HCG we krwi kobiety. Jeśli w ciąży odczuwasz ból w okolicy jajników, szczególnie w pierwszym trymestrze, powinnaś udać się na izbę przyjęć, aby zweryfikować ewentualne groźne przyczyny tych objawów.

Ból jajników w ciąży – ciąża pozamaciczna

Inną przyczyną bólu w okolicach jajników we wczesnej ciąży może być powstanie ciąży ektopowej (pozamacicznej). Jest to sytuacja, w której dochodzi do nieprawidłowej implantacji zarodka – poza jamą macicy. Najczęściej ciąża lokalizuje się wtedy w okolicy jajowodów. Objawy ciąży pozamacicznej są niecharakterystyczne, należą do nich wspomniany ból w podbrzuszu oraz krwawienie. Pewność daje dopiero brak pęcherzyka ciążowego w jamie macicy podczas badania USG (mimo odpowiedniej wartości stężenia beta HCG) lub zlokalizowanie go, ale w rzucie przydatków. 

Poważnym powikłaniem ciąży pozamacicznej jest jej pęknięcie, które może doprowadzić do masywnego krwawienia, a nawet wstrząsu. Dlatego też w przypadku niepokojących objawów we wczesnych tygodniach ciąży należy zawsze skonsultować się z lekarzem ginekologiem.

Ból jajników w ciąży – skręt przydatków

Do przydatków zalicza się jajniki, jajowody oraz otaczające je tkanki. Czas ciąży zwiększa ryzyko skrętu przydatków z powodu rozluźnienia otaczających jajniki tkanek oraz wzrostu stężenia progesteronu. Podczas skręcenia uniemożliwiony jest swobodny przepływ krwi i chłonki z jajnika, co prowadzić może do jego obrzęku, a nawet martwicy. Objawy związane ze skrętem przydatków to m.in. bardzo silny ból podbrzusza, zazwyczaj po jednej stronie, który narasta w czasie, często towarzyszą mu wymioty i nudności. Bardzo istotna jest wczesna reakcja, dzięki czemu uniknąć można poważnych powikłań. Skręcenie przydatków w ciąży należy zawsze różnicować z poronieniem, ciążą pozamaciczną i zapaleniem wyrostka robaczkowego.

Ból jajników w ciąży – zapalenie przydatków

Zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej (zapalenie przydatków) jest najczęściej spowodowane zakażeniem pochodzącym z szyjki macicy lub pochwy. Etiologia zapalenia przydatków jest w większości przypadków bakteryjna. W przebiegu PID pojawia się najczęściej obustronny ból w okolicy jajników, gorączka oraz nieprawidłowa wydzielina z pochwy. Charakterystyczny jest bardzo silny ból w momencie badania ginekologicznego oraz przy poruszaniu szyjką macicy. Leczenie opiera się na antybiotykoterapii, która w czasie ciąży najczęściej musi być prowadzona pod kontrolą lekarzy w szpitalu.

Ból jajników w ciąży – torbiele na jajnikach

Torbiele pojawiające się na jajnikach spowodowane są najczęściej zmianami hormonalnymi i mogą nie powodować żadnych objawów. Często w trakcie ciąży samoistnie się wchłaniają. W zależności od typu zawierają treść surowiczą, endometrialną (tzw. torbiel czekoladowa) czy struktury takie jak np. włosy – to tzw. torbiel skórzasta. W zależności od rodzaju mogą pojawiać się różne symptomy, najczęściej jednak bardzo mało charakterystyczne. Należy jednak mieć na uwadze możliwe powikłania, jakimi są skręt lub pęknięcie torbieli jajnika. Objawiają się one m.in. silnym bólem w okolicy jajników.

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