zmęczona kobieta w ciąży źródło: Shutterstock

Anemia w ciąży – które produkty są bogate w żelazo?

Spis treści:

Anemia w ciąży to dość powszechne zjawisko wśród przyszłych mam. W tym okresie zwiększa się objętość krwi i wzrasta zapotrzebowanie na żelazo. Jego niedobory prowadzą do wyczerpania zapasów żelaza w organizmie, co z kolei wpływa na wystąpienie opisywanego schorzenia. Choroba ta ma znaczący wpływ na rozwój dziecka i przebieg ciąży. Jak rozpoznać anemię? Co jeść, aby wyrównać poziom żelaza?

Anemia w ciąży – co to za choroba?

Anemia, określana również jako niedokrwistość, wiąże się ze zbyt małym poziomem hemoglobiny oraz zmniejszeniem masy krwinek czerwonych [1]. Hemoglobina jest niezbędna w transporcie tlenu, dlatego jej zbyt mała ilość prowadzi do niedotlenienia komórek. Stan ten jest szkodliwy dla rozwijającego się malucha.

Główną przyczyną anemii w ciąży jest zbyt mała podaż żelaza. W ciąży dzienne zapotrzebowanie na ten minerał wzrastaz 4mg do 7–8mg, co wynika ze stopniowego zwiększania się rozmiarów dziecka i samej macicy.[2] Jest to dawka niemal dwukrotnie większa, dlatego też przyszłe mamy często zmagają się z niedoborami żelaza i objawami anemii.

Anemia w ciąży – przyczyny

Poza brakiem odpowiednio zbilansowanej diety, u przyszłych mam niedokrwistość może wynikać z [1]:

Anemia w ciąży może rozwinąć się również pod wpływem stanów zapalnych, np. próchnicy zębów. Znaczny spadek żelaza, i tym samym stężenia hemoglobiny, obserwuje się również przy występowaniu krwawienia w czasie ciąży. [1]

Anemia – jak wpływa na przebieg ciąży?

Ze względu na pośrednią rolę żelaza w transporcie tlenu anemia w ciąży prowadzi do niedotlenienia tworzących się komórek. Tym samym stanowi duże ryzyko nieprawidłowego rozwoju dziecka, może stać się przyczyną wystąpienia wad wrodzonych. Wpływa również na małą masę urodzeniową maluszka. [2]

Niedokrwistość ma znaczenie także w samym przebiegu ciąży. Niedobory żelaza mogą prowadzić do poronienia czy zbyt wczesnego porodu. [2]

Kobiety zmagające się z anemią w ciąży są również częściej kierowane na cesarskie cięcie. Anemia może wpływać również na trudniejszy poród – niedobór żelaza (ze względu na niedotlenienie) zaburza pracę skurczową macicy. Sprzyja również wolniejszemu gojeniu się ran po porodzie. [2]

Anemia w ciąży – objawy. Jak rozpoznać?

Anemia nie ma specyficznych symptomów, dlatego często jej objawy mogą być odbierane jako naturalne w przebiegu ciąży. Na niedokrwistość wskazuje stałe uczucie osłabienie i zmęczenia. [1]

Przy ogromnym spadku żelaza pojawia się również: [1]

Dodatkowo osłabia się kondycja włosów i paznokci. [1]

Anemia w ciąży – jakie badania wykonać?

Aby zdiagnozować, czy występuje anemia w ciąży, przede wszystkim należy sprawdzić poziom żelaza we krwi. Podstawowym badaniem w tym zakresie jest oznaczenie jego poziomu w surowicy. [1]

Warto jednak wiedzieć, że wpływ na wyniki ma również pora dnia, nieco inny poziom pierwiastka może wyjść przy pobraniu krwi rano, a nieco inny wieczorem. Dodatkowo wykonuje się badanie poziomu TIBC – pozwala ono określić całkowitą ilość żelaza, razem z jego zapasami. [1]

Anemia w ciąży – co jeść?

O prawidłowe stężenie żelaza należy zadbać jeszcze na etapie planowania ciąży. Jest ono nieco niższe i odpowiednia dieta jest w stanie pokryć wymagane zapotrzebowanie. [3] W przebiegu ciąży konieczna może być suplementacja, należy ją jednak zawsze skonsultować z lekarzem.

W codziennej diecie przyszłej mamy powinny znaleźć się produkty takie jak: [3]

Należy unikać produktów zmniejszających wchłanianie żelaza, m.in. kawy, herbaty czy wyrobów mlecznych.[3]

Źródła:

  1. Falkowska, A., Ostrowska, L. “Niedokrwistość u kobiet ciężarnych”, Nowa Medycyna, 2010, 3.
  2. Pietrzak, B., Seremak–Mrozikiewicz, A. i inni. “Niedokrwistość z niedoboru żelaza w położnictwie i ginekologii”, Ginekologia i Perinatologia Praktyczna, 2016, 3.
  3. Zapotrzebowanie na żelazo u ciężarnych, Medycyna Praktyczna, 2016, dostęp: 16.08.2021

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