Alergia w ciąży / AdobeStock

Alergia w ciąży – jak rozpoznać i co zrobić?

Występowanie objawów alergii w ciąży rodzi uzasadnione obawy przyszłych mam – zwłaszcza jeśli jest to uciążliwe, a eliminacja alergenów nie jest prostym zadaniem. Nie da się ukryć, że ciąża jest niezwykłym czasem w życiu kobiety, w którym nie tylko zmienia się funkcjonowanie układu hormonalnego, ale również odpornościowego. Wobec tego alergia może wystąpić w ciąży po raz pierwszy lub objawy już zdiagnozowanej choroby mogą się zaostrzyć. Co zrobić w takim przypadku? Jak poradzić sobie z symptomami alergii w ciąży?

Spis treści:

Po czym rozpoznać uczulenie w ciąży?

Wedle szacunków alergia dotyczy 18-30 procent kobiet w wieku rozrodczym. Dlatego alergiczki starające się o powiększenie rodziny powinny pamiętać, że ciąża zwykle nie pozostaje bez wpływu na przebieg uczulenia, a nawet może zaostrzać jego objawy. Zdarza się i tak, że właśnie w ciąży symptomy alergii pojawią się po raz pierwszy. Nagła alergia w ciąży związana jest ze zmianami w funkcjonowaniu układu immunologicznego. W zależności od stopnia nasilenia objawów uczulenia może ono wpływać negatywnie na przebieg ciąży, dlatego tak ważne jest, by ustalić leczenie z alergologiem i położnikiem. 

Podstawą w rozpoznaniu alergii w ciąży jest szczegółowy wywiad lekarski i analiza objawów, które budzą nasz niepokój. Najlepiej prowadzić codzienny dzienniczek i notować w nim symptomy, które mogą świadczyć o reakcji alergicznej. Mogą to być: 

  • wysypka
  • obrzęk, 
  • świąd, 
  • katar
  • kaszel, 
  • łzawienie, 
  • duszność, 
  • biegunka. 

Objawy alergii uzależnione są przede wszystkim od ilości stężenia czynnika drażniącego i intensywności odpowiedzi układu immunologicznego.

Uczulenie w ciąży może przyjmować formę astmy, zapalenia spojówek, pokrzywki, atopowego zapalenia skóry, alergicznego nieżytu nosa czy też obrzęku naczynioruchowego. Pomocne w diagnostyce alergii w ciąży są testy alergiczne – rekomendowane są badania in vitro, które polegają na pobraniu krwi obwodowej. Niezalecane są natomiast punktowe testy skórne, ze względu na ryzyko wystąpienia reakcji anafilaktycznej.

Jakie są najczęstsze alergie w ciąży?

Alergia może dotyczyć nawet 30 procent kobiet w ciąży – u niektórych występuje ona od wieku dziecięcego lub młodzieńczego, u innych uaktywnia się w wieku dorosłym lub dopiero wtedy, gdy dowiadują się, że zostaną mamami.

Zdecydowanie najczęstsze są reakcje alergiczne o stosunkowo łagodnym przebiegu – mogą mieć one postać wysypki skórnej z towarzyszącym świądem, nieżytu nosa czy też biegunki. Niekiedy jednak mogą występować pod postacią astmy, zapalenia spojówek, ostrej pokrzywki, anafilaksji. Tego typu choroby alergiczne mogą negatywnie wpływać zarówno na ciążę, zwiększając ryzyko powikłań, jak i na noworodka.

Co na katar alergiczny w ciąży?

Alergiczny nieżyt nosa może dotyczyć aż jednej trzeciej kobiet w ciąży. Jego nagłe wystąpienie prawdopodobnie ma przyczyny hormonalne. Estrogeny i progesteron, czyli hormony ciążowe, mają wpływ na unaczynienie błony śluzowej nosa. 

Najczęściej, bo aż u 20 procent kobiet, u których rozpoznaje się katar alergiczny, występował on już przed zajściem w ciążę. Niekiedy może on współwystępować z astmą oskrzelową, dlatego nie należy go bagatelizować. Co istotne, leczenie kataru alergicznego w ciąży nie odbiega znacząco od postępowania wdrażanego u innych pacjentów. Zwykle rekomenduje się unikanie kontaktów z alergenami oraz przepłukiwanie nosa roztworem z soli fizjologicznej. 

W przypadku cięższych przebiegów alergicznego nieżytu nosa wdraża się farmakoterapię w postaci leków donosowych (GKS). Warto pamiętać, że nie należy przyjmować żadnych leków na alergię w ciąży bez wcześniejszej konsultacji z lekarzem alergologiem i lekarzem prowadzącym ciążę.

Alergia u niemowlaka karmionego piersią

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Alergia u niemowlaka karmionego piersią

Alergia u niemowlaka karmionego piersią to częsta dolegliwość objawiająca się bólem brzuszka, biegunką, ulewaniem czy problemami skórnymi. Co warto wiedzieć o alergii u malucha? Wyjaśnia położna.

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Jak radzić sobie z alergią w ciąży?

Podstawą w leczeniu alergii w ciąży jest unikanie alergenów, czyli czynników, które wywołują lub zaostrzają przebieg choroby. Tego typu postępowanie podnosi komfort życia, łagodzi objawy, ogranicza ryzyko negatywnych następstw uczulenia oraz konieczności zastosowania farmakoterapii. 

Niekiedy może być to trudne – zwłaszcza gdy okazuje się, że jesteśmy uczuleni na sierść swojego zwierzaka, a lekarz alergolog zaleca unikanie kontaktu z alergenem. Podobnie jest w przypadku alergii na pyłki – wówczas unikanie kontaktu z czynnikiem drażniącym jest niewykonalne. 

W przypadku, gdy potencjalne ryzyko powikłań alergii jest wysokie, specjalista może podjąć decyzję o wdrożeniu farmakoterapii. Nie ma jednak dostatecznych badań, które potwierdzałyby bezpieczeństwo stosowania leków przeciwalergicznych u kobiet w ciąży. Uznaje się jednak, że ryzyko wystąpienia działań niepożądanych jest niewielkie. Warto jednakże podkreślić, że u kobiet w ciąży podstawą jest dążenie do bezobjawowego przebiegu chorób alergicznych i eliminacji farmaceutyków.

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