Jak zapewnić białko w diecie wegańskiej? /fot. iStock Jak zapewnić białko w diecie wegańskiej? /fot. iStock

Jak zapewnić białko w diecie wegańskiej?

Dieta wegańska wciąż potrafi wzbudzać wiele kontrowersji. Jednym z argumentów przeciwko jej stosowaniu jest trudność w zapewnieniu organizmowi odpowiednich ilości białka. Jednak czy białko w diecie wegańskiej faktycznie jest mniej wartościowe od białek zwierzęcych?

Spis treści:

Jaką rolę odgrywa białko w diecie

Białko jest niezbędnym składnikiem do prawidłowego funkcjonowania naszego organizmu. Jest ono nie tylko kluczowym składnikiem budulcowym mięśni i komórek. Odpowiada także za przekaźnictwo nerwowe, rozwój i pracę mięśni, odporność immunologiczną, bierze udział w produkcji hormonów i enzymów, transporcie tlenu do komórek, regeneracji tkanek. Rola białka w diecie jest więc ogromna, a jego niedobór może odbić się na praktycznie wszystkich funkcjach organizmu.

Białko w diecie wegańskiej

Jednym z często omawianych problemów diet wegańskich i wegetariańskich jest to, że białka roślinne z reguły są gorzej przyswajalne i mniej wartościowe niż białka zwierzęce. Rzeczywiście, wśród produktów roślinnych trudno o takie, które zawierają pełnowartościowe białko, czyli pełny zestaw aminokwasów egzogennych – koniecznych do dostarczenia „z zewnątrz” naszemu organizmowi. Nie stanowi to jednak przeszkody w ułożeniu dobrze zbilansowanej diety, gdyż składniki te możemy czerpać, łącząc różne produkty. Jak czytamy w stanowisku Amerykańskiego Stowarzyszenia Dietetyków: – Białko roślinne może spełnić wymagania żywieniowe w przypadku spożywania różnorodnych produktów roślinnych i wystarczającej podaży energii. Badania wykazują, że konsumpcja zróżnicowanych produktów roślinnych w ciągu całego dnia dostarcza wszystkich niezbędnych aminokwasów i zapewnia odpowiednie zatrzymywanie i wykorzystywanie azotu u zdrowych, dorosłych osób. W związku z tym nie ma potrzeby spożywania wszystkich komplementarnych białek podczas jednego posiłku.

Jak zapewnić białko w diecie wegańskiej

Ułożenie dobrze zbilansowanej diety wegańskiej wymaga więc znajomości składu dostępnych produktów, umiejętnego łączenia ich lub rozpisywania posiłków w ciągu dnia w ten sposób, aby dostarczyć organizmowi wszystkich potrzebnych aminokwasów. Jak zatem zapewnić pełnowartościowe białko w diecie wegańskiej? Jedną z możliwości jest sięgnięcie po produkty, które zawierają białko pełnowartościowe – wśród roślin komplet aminokwasów egzogennych znajdziemy w amarantusie, soi, komosie ryżowej i spirulinie, jednak zawartość białka jest w nich niższa niż w produktach odzwierzęcych. Z kolei produktami, które nie powinny stanowić podstawy diety, są zboża – pomimo wysokiej zawartości białka są one ubogie w lizynę. Powinna być ona uzupełniana chociażby poprzez włączanie do diety roślin strączkowych i produktów sojowych.

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Źródła białka w diecie wegańskiej

Jakie produkty są najlepszymi źródłami białka w diecie wegańskiej?

  • Rośliny strączkowe (soja, ciecierzyca, soczewica, fasola, groch łuskany),
  • produkty pełnoziarniste (ryż brązowy, kasza gryczana, quinoa, amarantus),
  • produkty sojowe (jogurt, mleko, tofu, tempeh),
  • algi (spirulina, chlorella),
  • orzechy i nasiona.

Jeśli nie jesteśmy w stanie dostarczyć organizmowi odpowiedniej ilości białka z pokarmem, pomocne może być włączenie do planu żywienia suplementów diety i wegańskich odżywek białkowych.

Ile białka w diecie wegańskiej jest potrzebne

Czym jednak jest ta odpowiednia ilość i ile białka w diecie wegańskiej trzeba dziennie dostarczać organizmowi?

Jak wskazuje Narodowe Centrum Edukacji Żywieniowej: – Dla osób dorosłych [zalecane dzienne spożycie białka] wynosi 0,9 g/kg masy ciała na dobę, jednakże osobom powyżej 65. roku życia obecnie zaleca się spożywanie białka co najmniej w ilości 1 g/kg masy ciała.

Oznacza to, że kobieta o przeciętnej wadze 56 kg dziennie powinna spożywać około 50,5 g białka. Co istotne, zapotrzebowanie na białko nie jest stałe – u osób niedożywionych lub cierpiących na choroby przewlekłe rośnie do 1,2-1,5 g/kg masy ciała na dobę, a sportowcom zaleca się spożywanie 1,4-2 g/kg masy ciała na dobę. Także u kobiet w ciąży i w okresie laktacji zalecane jest przyjmowanie znacznie większych ilości białka – zapotrzebowanie na ten składnik rośnie nawet o 25 g na dobę.

Czym zastąpić białko w diecie wegańskiej

Białko jest niezbędne do prawidłowego funkcjonowania organizmu i musimy dostarczać je w odpowiednich ilościach niezależnie od tego, jaką dietę stosujemy. Decydując, czym zastąpić białko zwierzęce w diecie wegańskiej, należy pamiętać o tym, aby nasza dieta była różnorodna i dobrze zbilansowana. Produkt roślinny o wysokiej zawartości białka nie zawsze będzie produktem pełnowartościowym, w związku z czym nawet wysoka podaż tego składnika może prowadzić do niedoborów niektórych aminokwasów.

Źródła:

  1. Jedut P., Niedźwiedź I., Glibowski P., Najczęstsze niedobory żywieniowe w diecie wegetarian i sposoby im zapobiegania, [w:] Wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu bromatologii, red. M. Babicz, K. Kropiwiec-Domańska, WUP, Lublin 2021, s. 44–51.
  2. Mariotti F., Gardner C.D.,Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets—A Review, „Nutrients” 2019, 11(11), s. 1–19.

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