Astma alergiczna u dzieci – jak namierzyć i pokonać tego wroga?/fot. iStock Astma alergiczna u dzieci – jak namierzyć i pokonać tego wroga?/fot. iStock

Astma alergiczna u dzieci – jak namierzyć i pokonać tego wroga?

Astma alergiczna to problem uciążliwy nie tylko dla dziecka, ale również dla rodziców. Ze względu na przewlekły charakter istotne jest szybkie rozpoznanie schorzenia i jak najszybsze wdrożenie odpowiedniego leczenia. Jakie są przyczyny astmy alergicznej i czy można jej zapobiec?

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Przyczyny astmy alergicznej u dzieci

Astma alergiczna charakteryzuje się przewlekłym procesem zapalnym w oskrzelach, który prowadzi do ich nadreaktywności oraz zmniejszenia przepływu powietrza przez drogi oddechowe. Jak sama nazwa wskazuje, astma alergiczna ściśle związana jest z występowaniem u dziecka alergii. 

U osób zdrowych kontakt z alergenem nie powoduje odpowiedzi układu immunologicznego, natomiast u osób cierpiących na alergię dostanie się alergenu do organizmu wywołuje szereg reakcji, które skutkują wystąpieniem objawów charakterystycznych dla alergii. Zalicza się do nich m.in. ból brzucha i biegunkę przy alergii pokarmowej, katar, uczucie zatkania nosa, przekrwienie spojówek czy właśnie astmę w przypadku alergenu wziewnego.  

Choć sama przyczyna wystąpienia alergii, a co za tym idzie, również i astmy alergicznej, nie jest znana, znane są czynniki zwiększające ryzyko zachorowania na astmę. Można podzielić je na osobnicze oraz środowiskowe. Do pierwszych zaliczamy m.in. czynniki genetyczne, płeć, rasę czarną oraz otyłość. Do czynników środowiskowych natomiast – ciągłe narażenie na alergeny wziewne, takie jak: roztocza czy pyłki roślin, zanieczyszczone powietrze, przebywanie wśród palących, zakażenia układu oddechowego przebyte we wczesnych latach życia czy też dieta.

Czy można zapobiec astmie alergicznej?

Jak zostało to już wcześniej wspomniane, nie są znane dokładne przyczyny astmy alergicznej u dzieci. Z tego też powodu nie jest możliwe, aby uchronić każde dziecko przed jej rozwojem. Można jednak skutecznie wpłynąć na niektóre znane czynniki zwiększające ryzyko zachorowania na astmę. 

Kiedy dziecko jest alergikiem, bardzo ważne jest, aby miało ono możliwie jak najmniejszy kontakt z alergenem wywołującym objawy. Odizolowanie od alergenów łagodzi stan zapalny w drogach oddechowych dziecka, dzięki temu nie dochodzi do trwałych zmian w postaci nadreaktywności oskrzeli oraz zmniejszenia ich światła. 

Ograniczenie kontaktu dziecka z dymem tytoniowym oraz zanieczyszczonym powietrzem wpływa korzystnie na drogi oddechowe. W prewencji wystąpienia astmy oskrzelowej u dziecka bardzo ważną rolę odgrywa prawidłowa dieta. Jeżeli więc dziecko jest alergikiem, należy zadbać, aby jego dieta była zbilansowana oraz dostarczała w odpowiednich ilościach wszystkich potrzebnych mu składników odżywczych, i nie dopuścić do nadwagi, gdyż wiadomo, że otyłość w dużym stopniu stanowi czynnik ryzyka rozwoju astmy.

Objawy astmy alergicznej u dzieci

Do objawów astmy alergicznej zaliczamy m.in. duszność wydechową, uczucie ściskania w klatce piersiowej, suchy kaszel, świszczący oddech czy też zmniejszenie tolerancji wysiłku u dziecka. Warto wspomnieć, że świszczący oddech jest najczęstszym objawem u dzieci do 5. roku życia. Towarzyszy on z reguły wirusowym zakażeniom układu oddechowego, jednak może być również wywołany przez płacz, śmiech, a niekiedy również i karmienie. 

Typowymi cechami astmy alergicznej jest ich charakter napadowy, co oznacza, że między okresami zaostrzeń dziecko nie ma objawów duszności. Objawy występują głównie w nocy lub po przebudzeniu, pojawiają się po kontakcie z alergenem lub po infekcji, a ustępują na skutek leczenia. Astma alergiczna u dzieci często współwystępuje z innymi chorobami atopowymi takimi, jak atopowe zapalenie skóry (AZS) czy też alergiczny nieżyt nosa.

Leki na astmę alergiczną dla dzieci

Podstawą leczenia astmy u dzieci są glikokortykosteroidy wziewne. Są to leki, które łagodzą stan zapalny w oskrzelach, a co za tym idzie, zapobiegają powikłaniom charakterystycznym dla astmy. Innymi lekami stosowanymi w leczeniu astmy są beta-mimetyki wziewne długo- oraz krótkodziałające, a także leki antyleukotrienowe. 

Przy astmie niereagującej na leczenie w niektórych skrajnych przypadkach lekarze decydują się na wdrożenie leczenia biologicznego, a więc leków działających na bardzo konkretne receptory, które dzięki temu są w stanie skutecznie zapobiegać atakom astmy. Niekiedy konieczne może być odczulanie dziecka, jeżeli wyeliminowanie kontaktu z alergenem powodującym ataki astmy jest niemożliwe.

O zastosowaniu danego leczenia decyduje lekarz. Bardzo ważne jest stosowanie się do jego zaleceń, gdyż tylko w ten sposób można uchronić dziecko przed powikłaniami astmy alergicznej.

Niefarmakologiczne leczenie astmy alergicznej u dzieci

Choć podstawą leczenia astmy jest stosowanie odpowiednich leków, możesz pomóc dziecku, stosując metody niefarmakologiczne. Należą do nich m.in.:

  • regularna aktywność fizyczna dziecka,
  • niepalenie przez domowników tytoniu przy dziecku,
  • redukcja masy ciała dziecka,
  • unikanie kontaktu z alergenami, 
  • szczepienie dziecka na grypę,
  • nauczenie dziecka technik kontrolowanego oddychania,
  • odpowiednie wsparcie psychologiczne.

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