Jak wygląda ślad po szczepionce przeciw gruźlicy? /fot. iStock Jak wygląda ślad po szczepionce przeciw gruźlicy? /fot. iStock

Jak wygląda ślad po szczepionce przeciw gruźlicy?

Po szczepieniu przeciw gruźlicy rodzice bardzo często obserwują na skórze dziecka zmiany, które budzą ich niepokój. W zdecydowanej większości przypadków są to jednak odczyny poszczepienne, uznawane za prawidłowe. Jak wygląda normalny ślad po szczepionce przeciw gruźlicy u noworodka lub starszego dziecka? Czy po wstrzyknięciu preparatu na ramieniu zawsze pozostaje blizna?

Spis treści:

Kiedy szczepi się niemowlęta przeciw gruźlicy?

Szczepionka BCG przeciwko gruźlicy jest obecnie jedną z najczęściej podawanych szczepionek na świecie. Przyjęcie preparatu skutecznie chroni przed wystąpieniem ciężkich postaci choroby, takich jak gruźlicze zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych. W Polsce obowiązkową szczepionkę przeciw gruźlicy podaje się noworodkom niedługo po urodzeniu – z reguły w ciągu pierwszych 24 godzin życia, przed wypisaniem dziecka z oddziału neonatologicznego.

Stan zaszczepienia dziecka sprawdzany jest na podstawie dokumentacji medycznej. Jeżeli nie otrzymało ono preparatu BCG w wieku niemowlęcym, rekomendowane jest niezwłoczne podanie szczepionki. Szczepienie przeciw gruźlicy można wykonać nie później niż do ukończenia 15. roku życia. Do uzyskania odporności wystarcza jedna dawka preparatu BCG podanego śródskórnie. Nie zaleca się przeprowadzania ponownego szczepienia w późniejszym okresie życia.

Opóźnienie przy szczepionce na gruźlicę

Istnieje kilka sytuacji, w których wskazane jest opóźnienie wstrzyknięcia preparatu. Jedną z nich jest wcześniactwo. W przypadku noworodków, które przyszły na świat przed terminem, szczepienie na gruźlicę wykonuje się po osiągnięciu przez noworodka masy ciała powyżej 2000 g. Drugim wyjątkiem jest urodzenie dziecka przez matkę zakażoną wirusem HIV. W takiej sytuacji indywidualną decyzję co do terminu szczepienia podejmuje lekarz po konsultacji specjalistycznej.

Ślad po szczepionce u niemowlaka – jak wygląda?

Powstawanie dość dużego, widocznego śladu jest jedną z cech typowych dla szczepionki przeciw gruźlicy. Zmiany skórne, które obserwujemy po zaszczepieniu możemy zaklasyfikować do jednej z dwóch grup:

  • prawidłowe odczyny poszczepienne – statystycznie najczęściej występujące zmiany, uznawane za normalne; są obserwowane u większości zaszczepionych dzieci,
  • niepożądane odczyny poszczepienne – rzadziej pojawiające się zmiany, uznawane za nieprawidłowe/patologiczne.

Prawidłowy odczyn poszczepienny

Po śródskórnym podaniu szczepionki przeciw gruźlicy zazwyczaj powstaje białawy pęcherzyk o średnicy do 8 mm, który znika po kilku minutach.

Czasami w drugiej lub trzeciej dobie po szczepieniu zaobserwować można również kilkumilimetrowe nacieczenie z niewielkim pęcherzykiem, który wypełniony jest mętnym płynem. Taka zmiana goi się samoistnie w ciągu kilku dni.

Dodatkowo, w czasie od dwóch do czterech tygodni po szczepieniu, w miejscu wkłucia pojawia się naciek, któremu towarzyszy rumień i grudka. Na jej szczycie widoczny jest pęcherzyk zawierający ropę. Po jego pęknięciu (po jednym lub dwóch miesiącach od szczepienia przeciw gruźlicy) powstaje owrzodzenie, które goi się pod strupem. Czasami ta zmiana również ma charakter ropny. Goi się samoistnie od dwóch do pięciu miesięcy.

Po szczepieniu przeciw gruźlicy pozostaje ślad w postaci biało-różowej blizny.

Nieprawidłowy odczyn poszczepienny

Wszystkie opisane powyżej zmiany w miejscu wkłucia uznawane są za prawidłowe. Jakie ślady po wstrzyknięciu preparatu BCG klasyfikujemy jako niepożądane odczyny poszczepienne?

  • Fenomen Kocha, czyli przyspieszony odczyn poszczepienny; rozpoznajemy go, gdy opisany wyżej prawidłowy odczyn poszczepienny w postaci nacieku, rumienia i grudki ulegającej owrzodzeniu powstaje wcześniej – między drugim a ósmym dniem po szczepieniu; gojenie trwa zwykle od dwóch do czterech miesięcy (choć może się przedłużać),
  • owrzodzenie i ropień w miejscu szczepienia o wielkości przekraczającej jeden cm u niemowlęcia, lub dwa cm u starszego dziecka; zmiany są łagodne i niebolesne, ulegają samoistnemu wygojeniu,
  • ropień podskórny – skóra w miejscu szczepienia uwypukla się i twardnieje; z czasem zmiana rozmięka, może również pęknąć (wydostaje się z niej wtedy ropa); odczyn powstaje na skutek zbyt głębokiego podania szczepionki i w większości wypadków również goi się samoistnie. 

Powyższe zmiany, choć nie są typowe, nie wiążą się z występowaniem zagrożenia zdrowotnego. W przypadku pojawienia się u dziecka takiego niepożądanego odczynu poszczepiennego, powiększenia węzłów chłonnych lub objawów ogólnoustrojowych, zalecane jest jednak skontaktowanie się z lekarzem.

Czy zawsze jest ślad?

Występowanie śladu po szczepionce przeciw gruźlicy jest zjawiskiem typowym i spodziewanym. Biało-różowa blizna powstaje u około 95 proc. osób, którym wstrzyknięto preparat BCG. Ślad po szczepionce u noworodka może mieć znacznie mniejszą średnicę niż zmiana po wstrzyknięciu preparatu u starszych dzieci.

Jak pielęgnować rankę po szczepionce?

Ranka po szczepionce przeciw gruźlicy goi się samoistnie. Trwa to długo – od kilku do nawet kilkunastu miesięcy. Przy braku dodatkowych objawów nie powinno nas to niepokoić.

Nie należy podejmować działań w celu przyspieszenia procesu gojenia. Śladu po szczepieniu nie smarujemy żadnymi preparatami. Rankę odsłaniamy – nie zaklejamy plastrami ani opatrunkami. Jeśli wydziela się z niej ropa, możemy przykryć ją pod ubrankiem noworodka jałowym gazikiem.

Źródła:

  1. Główny Inspektor Sanitarny (2020) Komunikat Głównego Inspektora Sanitarnego z dnia 22 grudnia 2020 r. w sprawie Programu Szczepień Ochronnych na rok 2021, Dziennik Urzędowy Ministra Zdrowia.
  2. World Health Organization (2012) Information Sheet – Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions. BacilleCalmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine.
  3. Szczuka I. (2002) Bezpieczeństwo Szczepień BCG – Niepożądane Odczyny Poszczepienne. Część I. Postacie powikłań. System Nadzorowania, Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, 56: 1-13.

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