Próchnica u dzieci – wszystko, co musisz wiedzieć/fot. iStock Próchnica u dzieci – wszystko, co musisz wiedzieć/fot. iStock

Próchnica u dzieci – wszystko, co musisz wiedzieć

Wizyta u dentysty wielu osobom, nie tylko dzieciom, kojarzy się nieprzyjemnie. Dlatego też część rodziców unika zabierania maluchów na kontrole stomatologiczne. Słodycze, słodzone napoje i brak wizyt u dentysty niestety u coraz większej liczby dzieci skutkują rozwojem próchnicy. Jakie są jej objawy i jak wygląda leczenie próchnicy u dziecka?

Spis treści:

Próchnica – co to takiego?

Próchnica to powstawanie dziur w zębach na skutek działania bakterii. Dochodzi do niej w przebiegu odwapniania szkliwa zębów, co następnie prowadzi do odsłonięcia zębiny i jej rozpadu. Warto pamiętać, że próchnica może dotyczyć zarówno zębów mlecznych, jak i stałych. 

Szczególną postacią próchnicy u dziecka jest tzw. próchnica butelkowa. Uważa się, że występuje ona u 15 proc. małych dzieci i jest związana z przedłużonym karmieniem smoczkiem. Rodzice często podają w butelkach słodzone płyny, słodkie mleko czy soki, które mają działanie próchnicotwórcze. Do przeniesienia próchnicy dojść może także podczas oblizywania smoczka czy całowania dziecka w usta przez rodziców z niewyleczoną próchnicą. 

Często rodzice zauważają u swoich pociech zmiany próchnicowe, które następują w krótkim czasie po wyjściu zębów. Jest to tzw. próchnica wczesna. Najczęściej zaczyna się od dolnych siekaczy, a następnie atakuje kolejne pojawiające się zęby. Próchnica wczesna postępuje bardzo dynamicznie, a słaba mineralizacja zębów mlecznych znacznie to ułatwia.

Przyczyny powstawania próchnicy

Do powstawania próchnicy przyczyniają się: złe uwapnienie tkanek zęba, odkładanie się płytki bakteryjnej na zębach oraz spożywanie cukrów będących znakomitą pożywką dla bakterii. Jedzenie słodyczy w zbyt dużych ilościach powoduje wytworzenie kwaśnego odczynu w jamie ustnej, co stanowi doskonałe środowisko dla rozwoju bakterii, a w efekcie do powstania próchnicy.

Do czynników ryzyka próchnicy wczesnej należą m.in. powikłany przebieg ciąży, uporczywe wymioty, niewłaściwa dieta, stres oraz wcześniactwo. Niemały wpływ ma także podawanie dziecku antybiotyków w pierwszych miesiącach życia. Udowodniono również, że bardziej narażone są na jej wystąpienie dzieci z ciąż mnogich oraz dzieci wcześnie ząbkujące. 

Wśród przyczyn powstawania próchnicy butelkowej wymienia się karmienie butelką przed snem lub w nocy. Jest to związane z mniejszym wydzielaniem śliny w czasie snu, przez co zawarte w mleku węglowodany nie są skutecznie trawione i stają się pożywką dla bakterii.

Rozpoznanie i objawy próchnicy u dzieci

Objawy próchnicy na początku mogą być przez rodziców niezauważone. Jeśli dziecko nie było ani razu u stomatologa, pierwsze symptomy mogą wiązać się już z zaawansowanymi zmianami i objawiać się np. silnym bólem zęba czy bolesnym gryzieniem pokarmów. Oznacza to, że doszło już do próchnicy głębokiej, ulokowanej w pobliżu nerwu zęba. 

Pierwszy etap próchnicy to najczęściej kredowa, matowa plama próchnicowa widoczna na powierzchni zęba. Następnie plama ciemnieje i staje się szorstka oraz dochodzi do widocznego ubytku próchnicowego, który wymaga założenia plomby. Sama plama próchnicowa zaś nie wymaga wiercenia, tylko fluoryzacji. 

Aby rozpoznać próchnicę u dzieci należy zabierać je na regularne wizyty u lekarza stomatologa, który nie tylko ogląda zęby i dziąsła, ale tłumaczy, jak odpowiednio dbać o nie, by uniknąć rozwoju próchnicy.

Leczenie próchnicy u dziecka

Lepiej zapobiegać niż leczyć. Dlatego niewątpliwie ważna jest profilaktyka próchnicy u dziecka. Należy unikać podawania małym dzieciom napojów słodzonych, szczególnie w butelkach ze smoczkiem. Od najmłodszych lat dzieci powinny starannie myć zęby, aby wyrabiać właściwe nawyki. Stomatolodzy zalecają, aby pierwsza wizyta u dentysty nastąpiła, gdy dziecko ma około roku. Wizyty kontrolne powinny odbywać się co 4–6 miesięcy, ponieważ próchnica zębów mlecznych postępuje bardzo szybko. 

Gdy jednak okaże się, że dziecko ma już próchnicę, konieczne jest jej leczenie. Wielu rodziców wychodzi z założenia, że skoro to zęby mleczne, które i tak wypadną, nie ma sensu ich leczyć i narażać dziecko na ewentualny ból podczas wiercenia i zakładania plomb. Nic bardziej mylnego. Przedwczesna utrata zębów mlecznych ma poważne konsekwencje takie, jak: opóźnienie wyrzynania zębów stałych, zahamowanie wzrostu kości, stłoczenie zębowe czy też wady wymowy. Dlatego też leczenie próchnicy jest niezbędne od najmłodszych lat. 

Metody leczenia próchnicy u dziecka zależą od jej zaawansowania. Jeśli jest to tylko plama próchnicowa, wystarczą zabiegi z użyciem fluoru. Gdy zaś próchnica sięga głębiej, konieczne jest wiercenie oraz zastosowanie plomb podobnych do tych wykorzystywanych w leczeniu ubytków u osób dorosłych. Mogą one jednak stopniowo uwalniać fluor wzmacniający szkliwo i chroniący przed powstaniem kolejnych zmian.

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