Borelioza u dzieci – przyczyny, objawy, leczenie/fot. iStock Borelioza u dzieci – przyczyny, objawy, leczenie/fot. iStock

Borelioza u dzieci – przyczyny, objawy, leczenie

Borelioza jest chorobą zakaźną przenoszoną przez kleszcze. Nie każde ukąszenie kleszcza powoduje tę chorobę, ale warto wiedzieć, jakie objawy powinny zaniepokoić rodziców. Borelioza może mieć bardzo różnorodny przebieg, a rozpoznanie jej jest niezbędne, by wdrożyć odpowiednie i skuteczne leczenie. Skąd bierze się borelioza u dzieci i jakie jest postępowanie lekarskie w tej chorobie?

Spis treści:

Czym jest borelioza?

Borelioza jest najczęstszą chorobą zakaźną przenoszoną przez kleszcze. Najczęściej powodują ją bakterie Borrelia Burgdorferi. Uznawana jest za chorobę odzwierzęcą, występującą endemicznie w krajach półkuli północnej o umiarkowanym klimacie. 

Po przeniesieniu bakterii przez kleszcza, krętki wnikają w skórę i rozprzestrzeniają się wokół wrót zakażenia, powodując rumień wędrujący. Następnie w ciągu kilku tygodni rozprzestrzeniają się po całym organizmie, atakując kolejne narządy. Krętki obecne są m.in. w sercu, mięśniach, śledzionie, wątrobie czy mózgu. Z tego powodu przebieg choroby może być bardzo różnorodny. Dochodzi do zajęcia stawów oraz układu nerwowego (tzw. neuroborelioza).

Kleszcze poza boreliozą przenoszą też inne choroby, takie jak: kleszczowe zapalenie mózgu, ludzką anaplazmozę i ludzką babeszjozę.

Skąd się bierze borelioza u dzieci?

Do zachorowania na boreliozę dochodzi w wyniku ugryzienia przez kleszcza przenoszącego bakterię. Ich rezerwuarem są dzikie zwierzęta, takie jak np. gryzonie. Kleszcze, żywiąc się w ich krwią, zakażają się, a następnie przenoszą krętki do krwi żywiciela, np. człowieka. Co ciekawe, przenosicielami mogą być kleszcze w różnych stadiach rozwojowych – tzn. larwy, nimfy oraz dorosłe postaci kleszczy. 

Największym czynnikiem ryzyka boreliozy u dziecka jest przebywanie w lasach liściastych, na łąkach i pastwiskach, szczególnie w sezonie letnim. Zwiększa się ono również, gdy kleszcz utrzymuje się w skórze ponad 24 godziny. Należy jednak pamiętać, że nie każdy kleszcz przenosi boreliozę, a samo ugryzienie nie oznacza pewnego zachorowania. Polska należy do krajów o średnim i wysokim wskaźniku zakażenia kleszczy krętkami. Szacuje się, że ryzyko zachorowania po jednorazowym ukłuciu przez tego pajęczaka jest mniejsze niż 1 proc. 

Należy pamiętać też, że większe ryzyko przeniesienia bakterii i wystąpienia boreliozy pojawia się w przypadku drażnienia kleszcza w skórze poprzez smarowanie go np. masłem. Wtedy ilość przekazanego zakażonego materiału zwiększa się. Z tego powodu nie wolno drażnić kleszcza, tylko bezpiecznie go usunąć.

Jak rozpoznać boreliozę? Typowe objawy

Patognomonicznym objawem boreliozy, charakterystycznym dla wczesnego zakażenia, jest rumień wędrujący. Najczęściej pojawia się w ciągu miesiąca od ukłucia przez kleszcza. Jest on uznawany za kliniczny dowód boreliozy. U dziecka najczęściej pojawia się na głowie i szyi. Często ma przejaśnienie w środku, a wokół 1–2-centymetrową rumieniową obwódkę. Poza tym w stadium rumienia wystąpić mogą inne objawy grypopodobne, takie jak: gorączka, bóle mięśniowe czy powiększenie węzłów chłonnych. 

Objawy skórne są najczęstszym objawem klinicznym boreliozy u dzieci. Na drugim miejscu zaś jest neuroborelioza. U dzieci w przebiegu boreliozy może dojść bowiem do zapalenia nerwu twarzowego lub opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych. Jest to tzw. stadium wczesne rozsiane. Warto wiedzieć, że borelioza przebiega najczęściej w 3 stadiach: wczesnym ograniczonym, wczesnym rozsianym oraz późnym. Ostatnie z nich rzadko jednak występuje u dzieci. 

Zapalenie stawów jest częstą manifestacją boreliozy, lecz rzadko spotykaną u dzieci. Najczęściej bolesność i obrzęk dotyczy stawów kolanowych, rzadziej ramiennych, łokciowych czy też skokowych. Objawy te mogą utrzymywać się nawet do kilku tygodni. W niektórych przypadkach choroba może prowadzić też do destrukcji stawów. Mogą również pojawić się bóle mięśni i osłabienie siły mięśniowej. 

W ciągu 2 miesięcy od zakażenia może też pojawić się pojedynczy, niebolesny guzek na płatku ucha, brodawce sutkowej lub mosznie. Jest to rzadka postać boreliozy o nazwie Borreliallymphoma. Nieleczona antybiotykiem może nawracać.

Leczenie boreliozy u dzieci

Podstawową metodą diagnostyczną boreliozy jest wykonanie badań serologicznych. Przeciwciała oznaczane są w surowicy dziecka, a gdy podejrzewana jest neuroborelioza – w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym. Badanie wykonuje się za pomocą metody ELISA oraz WesternBlot. Bardzo ważne jest, że nie zaleca się badania wyjętego kleszcza, ponieważ wynik dodatni nie potwierdza boreliozy u dziecka, a wynik ujemny jej nie wyklucza. W przypadku wystąpienia typowego rumienia wędrującego niepotrzebne są badania laboratoryjne i lekarz może postawić rozpoznanie. 

Najważniejszym leczeniem boreliozy u dzieci jest antybiotykoterapia. Jest to bowiem leczenie przyczynowe. Leczeniem z wyboru do 9. roku życia jest amoksycylina, a powyżej 9. roku życia –doksycyklina. Antybiotykoterapia powinna trwać 21 dni. W przypadku neuroboreliozy wykorzystywane są cefalosporyny III. generacji, np. ceftriakson. Rokowanie co do leczenia jest dobre, szczególnie jeśli zostanie ono wdrożone we wczesnym etapie choroby.

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