nastolatka ukryta za różowym balonem Dojrzewanie – co to takiego? Rawpixel.com

Dojrzewanie – co to takiego? Jak traktować nastolatka?

Spis treści:

Dojrzewanie to okres, w którym nastolatki przechodzą gwałtowne zmiany w ich ciele i równocześnie szukają swojego miejsca w świecie, którego jeszcze nie rozumieją. Do dorosłych za to dociera, że dotychczasowa instrukcja obsługi ich dziecka właśnie przestała działać, a nowej nie otrzymali.

Dojrzewanie jest jak tornado, potrafi powywracać dotychczasowe porządki i stosunki. W niejednym domu dochodzi wtedy do ostrych konfliktów międzypokoleniowych. Niestety, często także do przemocy psychicznej i fizycznej. Nawet kochający i troskliwi rodzice przyznają, że czasem czują zupełną bezradność, bo przecież „próbowali już niemal wszystkiego i nic na ich dziecko nie działa”. Wielu specjalistów podkreśla, że rodzicom w Polsce brakuje często zupełnie elementarnej wiedzy o tym, jak rozmawiać z dojrzewającym nastolatkiem, zamiast tego wolą sięgać po repertuar kar i zakazów – znany zwykle z własnego dzieciństwa. Tyle że w przypadku nastolatka on już nie działa. Jak zatem dogadać się z nastolatkiem? Najpierw trzeba się dowiedzieć, czym zmiany w jego zachowaniu są spowodowane. Czyli zrozumieć, czym naprawdę jest dojrzewanie – skomplikowany proces, który odbywa się na kilku poziomach: biologicznym, psychologicznym i społecznym.

Dojrzewanie a hormony

Generalizując, można powiedzieć, że za całe zamieszanie odpowiadają przede wszystkim zmiany fizjologiczne i hormonalne zachodzące w ciele młodego człowieka. Proces ten zaczyna się szybciej u dziewcząt, w naszym klimacie geograficznym ma swój początek w wieku 10–12 lat. Naukowcy zauważyli też generalną tendencję do szybszego wchodzenia w okres dojrzewania współczesnych nastolatków, niż miało to miejsce jedno czy dwa pokolenia wstecz. Ciało nastolatka skokowo przybiera na masie i wzroście. Pojawia się owłosienie w pachwinach i na narządach płciowych, ale też zmora wielu nastolatków – trądzik młodzieńczy. Dziewczęta zaczynają miesiączkować, rozrasta się miednica, piersi, zmienia obwód talii. U chłopców powiększają się jądra i penis, pojawiają się pierwsze polucje. Ich głos przechodzi mutację, pojawia się zarost na twarzy, z wiekiem coraz gęstszy. Intensywne zmiany biologiczne zachodzą mniej więcej do 16. roku życia, choć u niektórych mogą trwać nawet jeszcze kilka lat.

Dojrzewanie i uczucia

Młodzi ludzie wraz ze zmianami hormonalnymi przechodzą również intensywne zmiany psychiczne. Uczucia, jakie przeżywają, są często skrajne i gwałtowne. Radość może szybko przechodzić w rozpacz i odwrotnie. Warto wiedzieć, że wtedy mogą pojawić się nerwice i lęki, z czasem mogące przechodzić w depresje połączone z myślami samobójczymi. Na te zagrożenia narażone są osoby o niskim poczuciu własnej wartości i mające problemy z akceptacją w grupie rówieśniczej. Często można też dostrzec wówczas nieadekwatność uczuć. Młody człowiek często nie potrafi wytłumaczyć, dlaczego jest mu smutno albo czemu wpadł we wściekłość. Odpowiedzialne za to są hormony wpływające na funkcjonowanie układu nerwowego.

Wraz z pokwitaniem w mózgu gwałtownie przybywa szarych komórek, choć dopiero z czasem będą one odpowiednio wykorzystane. Naukowcy odkryli, że w przypadku niezadowolenia w mózgach nastolatków silniej niż u dorosłych aktywowane jest ciało migdałowate. Odpowiada ono za takie emocje jak strach i złość. Agresja młodych ludzi ma szansę zmaleć, gdy bardziej rozwinie się kora przedczołowa i nieco wyhamuje aktywność ciała migdałowatego. Rozwija się ona jednak dopiero w późniejszym etapie dojrzewania, a szkoda, bo jest odpowiedzialna m.in. za empatię i umiejętność oceny ryzyka, czyli – inaczej mówiąc – za rozsądek. To tłumaczy skłonność nastolatków do popełniania wszelakich głupstw i przeprowadzania eksperymentów groźnych dla ich zdrowia, a nawet życia.

Dojrzewanie w społeczeństwie

Rozwój społeczny – w okresie dojrzewania młode osoby starają się też zrozumieć otaczający świat i swoje w nim miejsce. Wtedy też budzą się rozmaite zainteresowania i pasje. Młodzi ludzie starają się określić swoje przekonania i poglądy. Wraz z rosnącym krytycyzmem wobec świata dorosłych rośnie znaczenie grup rówieśniczych, w tym także subkulturowych. Potrzeba nawiązywania nowych relacji społecznych łączy się z potrzebą akceptacji i przynależności. Dlatego właśnie wtedy pojawiają się intensywne przyjaźnie zarówno pomiędzy osobami tej samej, jak i przeciwnej płci. Pojawiają się pierwsze miłości.

Kim w tym wszystkim mają być rodzice? Wsparciem. Przewodnikami po zupełnie nowej rzeczywistości. To niełatwe, ale naprawdę można się do tej roli przygotować. W kolejnych artykułach z cyklu „Bycie (z) nastolatkiem” będziemy wraz ze specjalistami zajmować się poszczególnymi aspektami dojrzewania, szukać odpowiedzi na mnożące się pytania. Tak, aby zarówno dorośli, jak i same nastolatki mogli nauczyć się sensownie reagować w nowych sytuacjach.

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